Lecture 1: Equine Dentistry Flashcards
What is the triadan number system for right upper. Then just list what hundreds number corresponds with other sections
101-103- incisors
104- canine
105- 1st premolar/wolf tooth
106-108- 2nd-4th premolars
109-111- 3 molars
Left upper: 200’s
Left lower: 300’s
Right lower: 400’s
What are hundreds used for naming deciduous teeth in each section
Right upper: 500
Left upper: 600
Left lower: 700
Right lower: 800
What type of teeth do horses have
Continually erupting hypsodont teeth
How much do young horses teeth erupt/year
4mm
What 3 things are teeth composed of
Enamel, cementum, and dentine
What is the role of enamel
Keep teeth strong
What is the softest dental tissue
Cementum
What structure of the tooth forms major structural component of equine crown
Cementum
What covers each pulp. Color is dark brown
Dentine
When does the first deciduous incisor erupt
8 days
When does the second deciduous incisor erupt
8 weeks
When does third deciduous incisor erupt
8 months
What does it mean for a tooth to be “in wear”
Occlusal surfaces are touching
When does first and second deciduous teeth become “in wear”
1 year
When does third deciduous tooth become “in wear”
2 years
When do adult central incisors erupt and when are they “in wear”
Erupt: 2.5 years
In wear- 3 years
When do adult middle incisors erupt and when are they “in wear”
Erupt: 3.5 years
In wear- 4 years
When do adult corner incisor teeth erupt and when are they in wear
Erupt: 4.5 years
In wear- 5 years
Owner calls for concern of these “bumps” on mandible of young horse. What are they
Eruption bumps- normal
When do deciduous premolars erupt
At birth or within first week
When do adult 2nd/06’s premolars erupt
3yrs
When do adult 3rd/07’s premolars erupt
3yrs
When do adult 4th/08’s premolars erupt
4 years
When do 1st/09’s molars erupt
1 year
When do 2nd/10’s molars erupt
2 years
When do 3rd/11’s molars erupt
3.5 years
When does galvaynes groove appear
10 years old
When does galvaynes groove stretch down entire tooth
20 years
When does galvaynes groove disappear
30 years
Age the following teeth 1-6
- Less than 10 years
- 10 years
- ~15 years
- 20 years
- 25 years
- 30 years
When do cups disappear from lower incisors
8 years old
When does the dental star appear on incisors
8 years
What is the only age identifying structure seen in horse after 15-18 years
Dental star
What is the shape of young teeth
Transverse
What is the shape of a 10yr old horses teeth
Round
What is the shape of a 15yr old horses teeth
Triangle
What is the shape of a 20yr old horses teeth
Rectangular
What should you check for in a sedated dental exam
- Muscle symmetry- chewing on one side can be a result of a pathology on other side
- Ansiognathic- check grind
- Smell of breath
- Diasthema, caries, fractures
What is the normal % of tooth overlap/coverage when checking grind
75%
What class of drugs is used in standing sedated procedures
Alpha-2 agonists
How long does xylazine take to have effect
10 minutes
What is the dose for xyalzine in 1000lbs horse
150mg/horse ~ 1.5cc
How long does it take for romifidine to take effect
15 minutes
What is the dose of romifidine in 1000lbs horse
15mg/horse ~1.5cc
How long does detomidine take to take effect
20 minutes
What is the dose of detomidine in 1000lbs horse
5mg~0.5cc
What is the dose of butorphanol in 1000lb horse
3-5mg~ 0.3-0.5cc
Which drug is really good at settling the tongue
Butorphanol
What is a grade 0 dental caries
Normal, can have cemental hypoplasia
What is 1st degree dental caries
Cementum only thing affected- varies from small pitting to extensive destruction
What is 2nd degree dental caries
Extends beyond cementum to affect adjacent enamel
What is 3rd degree dental caries
Extends beyond cementum to affect enamel and dentine
What is 4th degree dental caries
Affect the integrity of the tooth (ex: fracture/hole)
what is degree of dental caries
4th degree
What is degree of dental caries
0 degree
what is degree of dental caries
Grade 3
What is degree of dental caries
grade 1
What is degree of dental carie
grade 2
What number are the wolf teeth
105/205
Why do we remove wolf teeth
Typically irritable if wearing bit
How do we remove wolf teeth- instruments
- Local block
- Instruments: burgess extractor, elevator, dental forceps
How do you float performance teeth
Hardly need work, just take off sharp points and create a bit seat
What is a bit seat
Rounding of second premolars (106/206, 306/406)
How often should young horses teeth be floated
Every 6-12 months
How long should “natural mouths” and geriatric horses be floated
Every 12-26 months
What is the goal of floating geriatric teeth
Don’t try and fix, just make comfortable and ensure excellent grind ~75%
what pathology is this? What is specific name for this horse. Do we treat?
Diagonal mouth, specifically 100/300 diagonal mouth
Treat if malocclusion
What are these two pathologies
Left: ventral curvature
Right: dorsal curvature
What is overjet/underjet
Partial tooth
What is overbite/underbite
Whole tooth
what pathology is this
Equine odontoclastic tooth resorption and hypercementosis (EORTH)
What causes EORTH
Absorption of alveolar bone and excessive production of cementum
How do you treat EORTH
Remove teeth
What pathology is this? Who is it most common in?
Wave mouth-molar pathology most common in geriatrics
What is most common molar pathology in geriatrics
Wave mouth
What pathology is this? How do we manage this?
Excessive transverse ridges
Float every 6 months
What pathology is this? What is cause?
Hooks, due to offset arcards
What are the most common teeth to get hooks in molars
106/206, 311/411
What pathology is this? What is cause?
molar ramps, due to offset arcades
What teeth most commonly get molar ramps
306/406
What is oligodontia
Missing teeth due to periodontal disease or congenital
What is polyodontia
Extra teeth
What pathology is this? What is cause? How do we manage this?
step mouth- result of missing or maloccluded opposing tooth so tooth continues to grow into open space
manage: float every 6-12 months
What pathology is this?
Shear mouth
What is this pathology
Diastema
How do you treat horse with closed diastema
Open so food doesn’t get trapped
What could result from diastemas
Periodontitis due to food impacted in there
What is a patent infundibulum. What is tx
A non-cement filled invagination in maxillary cheek teeth.
Normally should fill with cement
Tx: remove tooth
What is an uncomplicated tooth fracture? What do you have to worry about? How do you manage
No pulp exposure.
Worry about decay and periodontitis
Can manage conservatively
What is a complicated tooth fracture? What do you have to worry about? How do you manage?
Pulp exposure, worry about pulpitis
If found in 5-10 days can perform endodontics, after 10 days need to remove tooth
What is wrong here
Oligodontia
What is wrong here
tooth root abscess
What does infra-orbital block, block
Maxillary procedures 06-09
How do you perform infraborital block
Insert needle along infraorbital canal, inject 3-10cc slowly
What does maxillary block, block
Entire maxillary arcade
How do you perform maxillary block
Insert needle 3-5cm perpendicular below the lateral canthus, 1cm ventral to zygomatic arch and inject 10-20cc slowly
What are some complications of maxillary block
Horners, hemorrhage
What does the middle mental block, block
Lower incisors
How do you perform middle mental block
Insert into mental foramen, elevate depressor lab II inferiors is muscle and inject 3cc
What does inferior alveolar block, block
Entire mandibular arcade
What is the extra-oral approach for inferior alveolar block
12.5cm spinal needle from ventral medial ramus directed along bone towards lateral canthus and inject 10cc
What is the inta-oral approach for inferior alveolar block
Butterfly catheter 10-12cc inserted with forceps into the mucosa caudal to the 11 medial to the ramus and inject 10-12cc
What are the 3 commonly used blocking agents
- Lidocaine
- Mepivacaine
- Bupiviciane
What is mechanism of action of lidocaine as blocking agent
Prolongs inactivation of fast voltage fated sodium channels in neuronal cell membrane
How long does it take for lidocaine to work and how long does it last
Works within 4 minutes, lasts for 30 minutes-3hrs
How does bupivicaine work
Binds to intracellular portion of voltage gated sodium channels and blocks sodium influx into nerve cells, prevent depolarization
How long does it take for bupivicaine to work and how long does it last
Works in 15 minutes, lasts 2-4hrs
What tools are needed for a standing field oral extraction
- Molar separators
- Extractors
- Narrow sharp alveolar luxators
- Levers
