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Animal Diversity > Lecture 9 DA > Flashcards

Lecture 9 DA Flashcards

1
Q

Are amphibians limited to aquatic environments despite being terrestrial?

A

They are, as they are not fully terrestrial.

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2
Q

Where is the hollow nerve cord found in arthropods and annelids?

A

On the ventral side.

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3
Q

What lines the pharyngeal slits? What is its purpose?

A

Endostyle lines the slits, and secretes mucus for filter feeding.

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4
Q

How are vertebrates distinguished?

A

Presence of a cranium.

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5
Q

What are the 8 classes of subphylum vertebra, and their common names?

A 
Myxini - hagfish
Petromyzontida - lamprey
Chondrichthyes - sharks/rays
Actinopterygii - ray finned fish
Sarcopterygii - lobe finned fish
Amphibia - amphibians
Reptilia - reptiles/birds
Mammalia - mammals
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6
Q

what gave rise to the amphibians?

A

Early tetrapods, a lobe finned fish that developed legs.

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7
Q

Is the tetrapod clade paraphyletic or monophyletic?

A

Mono

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8
Q

What do all vertebrates have embryonically?

A

Th 5 chordate traits.

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9
Q

What 3 features were involved in the transition to land?

A

Evolution of lungs.
Evolution of tetrapod limbs.
Protection from drying out - feathers, skin, scales etc.

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10
Q

What are the advantages of transitioning to land?

A

Safe, free of predators at that point.

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11
Q

What were the first animals to colonise land (2)?

A

Arthropods, and some molluscs.

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12
Q

Sarcopterygii and tetrapod taxa are what to each other?

A

Sister taxa.

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13
Q

What do all tetrapods have? Does this include amphibians?

A

All have lungs, including amphibians.

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14
Q

Can fish breathe air? Explain.

A

Some fish breathe air by leaping, and storing it in the oesophagus.

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15
Q

What are lungs, in terms of the oesophagus?

A

An enlarged pocket of the oesophagus.

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16
Q

What do lungs form in fish?

A

Swim bladder in many fish, which is also an outpocket of the oesophagus.

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17
Q

What are the four steps of limb development?

A
  • Bones similar to humerus, radius, and ulna, ray fins still present.
  • Wrist bones develop, ray fins replaced with 8 bony digits.
  • Limbs capable of walking on land develop, digit number decreases.
  • Fully formed tetrapod limb with 5 digits.
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18
Q

Are tetrapod limb structures analogous or homologous?

A

Homologous.

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19
Q

What is the keel of amphibians like?

A

Strong bony keel.

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20
Q

How many limbs and digits do amphibians usually have?

A

4 limbs, and 4 digits.

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21
Q

What is the skin of amphibians like?

A

Smooth, and moist.

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22
Q

How do amphibians usually respire (3)?

A

By lungs, skin or gills.

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23
Q

What kind of -therms are amphibians (2)?

A

Ectothermic and poikilothermic.

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24
Q

Where does fertilisation take place in amphibians?

A

Most often externally in frogs/toads, internally in salamanders.

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25
Q

Do amphibians have a urinary hole/anus or a cloaca?

A

Cloaca.

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26
Q

Are amphibians adapted for terrestrial life?

A

Only partially.

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27
Q

Are amphibians more terrestrial or more aquatic?

A

Most are aquatic, living close to water for its lifecycle.

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28
Q

Do frog/toad eggs have shells?

A

No.

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29
Q

How do amphibian aquatic larva respire?

A

Tadpoles have gills.

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30
Q

How do frogs/toads respire in the adult stage? What is needed for this?

A

Respire across their skin, must be kept moist.

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31
Q

How many chambers do fish heart have?

A

2, one atria, one ventricle.

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32
Q

How many chambers do amphibian hearts have?

A

3 chambered, 2 atria, one ventricle.

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33
Q

What are anurans?

A

Frogs.

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34
Q

How do amphibians fill their lungs?

A

Use positive pressure - croaking.

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35
Q

What are the 3 orders of amphibia?

A

Gymnophiona
Urodela
Anura

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36
Q

Is amphibia para or monophyletic?

A

Mono

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37
Q

What is meant by apoda? Are gymnophiona apoda?

A

Apoda means no limbs. Gymnophiona are apoda.

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38
Q

What are caecilians?

A

Gymnophiona.

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39
Q

Do gymnophiona have eyes? Do they have scales?

A

Small or no eyes. Some have mesodermal scales in skin.

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40
Q

Where do gymnophiona live?

A

They burrow.

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41
Q

Where does fertilisation occur in gymnophiona? Are they ovi or viviparous?

A

Internal fertilisation, some lay eggs, some viviparous.

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42
Q

What is the common name for order urodela?

A

Salamanders, newts

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43
Q

What angle are urodela limbs from their body?

A

Their limbs are at right angles to their body.

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44
Q

Where does fertilisation occur in urodela? Do they lay eggs or direct development? (hint - aquatic vs terrestrial)

A

Internally. Aquatic have eggs, while terrestrial have direct development.

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45
Q

What is paedomorphosis?

A

An evolutionary change in which larval features of an ancestor are retained to adulthood by descendants.

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46
Q

What is paedomorphosis believed to be a mechanism of?

A

Believed to be a mechanism for evolutionary changes via changes to evelopmental regulatory genes.

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47
Q

What are vertebrates believed to have evolved from? (hint - paedomorphosis)

A

From paedomorphosis of larval stages of urochordates.

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48
Q

What is the common name of order anura?

A

Frogs/toads

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49
Q

Do anura have a head, trunk and tail?

A

They have a fused head and trunk, but no tail.

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50
Q

Do urodela have a head, tail and trunk?

A

Yes.

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51
Q

Name 3 differences between frogs and toads.

A

Toads have thicker skin.
Toads have shorter legs.
Toads are more terrestrial.

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52
Q

where does fertilisation occur in anura?

A

Externally.

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53
Q

What do anura eggs hatch into?

A

Aquatic larva.

54
Q

What are the eating habits of tadpoles vs adults?

A

Tadpoles are herbivorous, while adults are carnivorous.

55
Q

Do frogs have pouches?

A

Some do, and brood eggs there.

56
Q

What were the first land based tetrapods?

A

Amphibians.

57
Q

Which groups are amniotes?

A

Reptiles, birds and mammals, but not amphibians.

58
Q

Are amniotes monophyletic? What clade are they within?

A

They are monophyletic. Are within tetrapods.

59
Q

What are amniotes evolved for?

A

Full terrestrial life.

60
Q

What first colonised the air?

A

Insects.

61
Q

Where does fertilisation take place in amniotes?

A

Internally.

62
Q

What is the amniotic egg, and what is its purpose?

A

Prevents the egg/embryo from drying out.

63
Q

What are 6 amniote adaptations?

A 
Thicker, more waterproof skin.
Rib ventilation of lungs.
Stronger jaws
High pressure cardiovascular system.
Water conserving, nitrogen excretion.
Expanded brain and sensory organs.
64
Q

What are the 4 membranes of the amniotic egg?

A

Chorion
amnion
Allantois
Yolk sac

65
Q

What is the purpose of the chorion?

A

Allows gas exchange with the environment.

66
Q

What is the purpose of the amnion?

A

Surrounds and cushions the embryo with fluid.

67
Q

What is the purpose of the allantois?

A

Stores waste, and allows gas exchange.

68
Q

What is the purpose of the yolk sac?

A

Storage of nutrients for the embryo.

69
Q

Does the tough shell of an amniotic egg allow for gas exchange? Explain.

A

Yes, it has pores.

70
Q

What is the outermost membrane of the amniotic egg?

A

Chorion.

71
Q

When are the amniotic egg membranes formed?

A

After fertilisation.

72
Q

How many digits do reptiles have mostly? Do all reptiles have digits?

A

Mostly 5. Limbs absent in snakes and some lizards.

73
Q

Where does fertilisation occur in reptiles?

A

Internally.

74
Q

What kind of egg do reptiles have?

A

Calcareous or leathery shelled eggs.

75
Q

Do reptiles have a larval stage?

A

No.

76
Q

How do reptiles respire?

A

By lungs.

77
Q

Do reptiles have gills?

A

No.

78
Q

Do reptiles need moist skin to respire?

A

No.

79
Q

Do reptiles have a cloaca or seperate tracts?

A

Cloaca.

80
Q

What kind of -therms are reptiles? Does this apply to all reptiles?

A

Reptiles are ectothermic and poikilothermic, except for birds.
They are endothermic and homeothermic.

81
Q

What does the epidermis of reptiles form?

A

Keratinised scales, and feathers in birds.

82
Q

How many occipital condyles do reptiles have? What about mammals?

A

Reptiles - 1

Mammals - 2

83
Q

Are reptile scales homologous to fish scales? Why/why not?

A

No, because reptile scales come from the epidermis. Fish scales come from the dermis.

84
Q

What is the purpose of scales in reptiles?

A

Provides physical protection, prevents dessication.

85
Q

Aside from sclaes, what else can be found in the dermis in some reptiles?

A

Bony dermal plates, ie shell of a turtle.

86
Q

Regarding their heart, what do all reptiles have?

A

All have a septum between their right and left atria.

87
Q

Do reptiles have a septum between their ventricles?

A

Most have a partial septum.

Crocodilians have a complete one.

88
Q

How do reptiles inflate their lungs? What kind of pressure is involved?

A

Rhythmically inflate lungs by expanding thoracic cavity. They use negative pressure.

89
Q

Do reptiles have a diaphragm?

A

No.

90
Q

How do turtles, lizards and crocs respire?

A

Turtles ventilate by expanding/pulling visceral organs, which press on lungs.
Lizards by compressing/expanding ribs.
Crocs, same as lizards, but pull their liver back, and twist their pubic bone.

91
Q

How did the ancestral form of reptiles locomote? What is a disadvantage of this?

A

Lateral undulations of the trunk, as in lizards. Compresses lungs and limits respiration for endurance.

92
Q

How have modern forms of reptiles improved locomotion?

A

Bipedal locomotion, as in birds and dinosaurs, and movement of ribs, pelvis and organs.

93
Q

What are the advantages of ectothermy (3)?

A

High efficiency in converting food to biomass, as none used for maintaining temperature.
Can thrive on little food, and poor producibility ecosystems (deserts).
Can survive with a low metabolism rate.

94
Q

What are the disadvantages of ectothermy (4)?

A

Activity is limited by external temperature.
Requires behavioural adaptations for finding its thermal microenvironment (basking).
Become inactive for part of the year.
Limited on latitudinal range.

95
Q

What are the three amniote skulls?

A

Anapsid
Synapsid
Diapsid

96
Q

What are anapsid skulls like? what organisms have them?

A

No temporal holes posterior to orbits.

Earliest reptiles had them.

97
Q

What are synapsid skulls like? What organisms have them?

A

One pair of temporal holes posterior to orbits, for jaw muscle attachments.
Gave rise to therapsid reptiles, and mammals.

98
Q

What are diapsid skulls like? What organisms have them?

A

Two pairs of temporal holes posterior to orbits for jaw muscle attahments.
Gave rise to all other reptiles including dinosaurs and birds.

99
Q

What kind of skull does a turtle have? Explain.

A

Begins with a diapsid skull, but secondarily loses the two temporal holes. Is therefor considered anapsid.

100
Q

What subclass can be found in reptilia?

A

Diapsida

101
Q

What two superorders are found in diapsida?

A

Lepidosauria

Archosauria

102
Q

What order can be found in diapsida? What is the common name?

A

Testudines. Turtles/tortoises.

103
Q

What two orders are found in superorder lepidosauria? Common names for both?

A

Squamata and sphenodonta

Are snakes/lizards and tuataras respectively.

104
Q

What order is found within superorder archosauria?

A

Crocadilia, and also includes dinosaurs and birds.

105
Q

What is the carapace of order testudines (turtles) like?

A

Shell carapace fused to ribs, and vertebra of thorax.

106
Q

How do testudines ventilate?

A

Muscle contractions of thorax, abdomen and limbs.

107
Q

What are tortoises?

A

Terrestrial turtles.

108
Q

Where are testudine eggs laid?

A

Buried into the ground, sea turtles return to water.

109
Q

What is the sex of a testudines determined by?

A

Nest temperature, as in crocs and some lizards.

110
Q

What order has the most recently evolved reptiles?

A

Squamata

111
Q

What do order squamata have that allows large mouth opening?

A

Kinetic skull with movable quadrate bone, that can hinge.

112
Q

Do squamata shed their skin?

A

Yes.

113
Q

Are all squamata viviparous or oviparous?

A

Mostly oviparous. Can be viviparous by retaining egg in oviduct until hatched.

114
Q

What are sauria? Common name?

A

Suborder within order squamata. Lizards, iguanas, geckos. Primitive forms of squamates.

115
Q

What is characteristic of sauria?

A

4 limbs and a tail thar can automise at predetermined points.

116
Q

Do sauria have moveable eyelids? What about snakes? what is their vision like?

A

Sauria can moveable eyelids, unlike snakes. They have good eye vision.

117
Q

What is serpenta? Common name?

A

Suborder wthin order squamata. Snakes.

118
Q

What are the olfactory and vibration senses of serpenta like?

A

Very good.

119
Q

How do serpenta detect odour molecules?

A

Tongue licking carries the odour to the roof of their mouth, where the sensory organ is.

120
Q

Do serpenta have eyelids?

A

They have fused, transparent eyelids.

121
Q

Do serpenta have ear openings?

A

No.

122
Q

Are serpenta all carnivorous? Are there exceptions?

A

Yes, no exceptions.

123
Q

Are all serpenta vivi or oviparous?

A

Mostly oviparous, can be viviparous.

124
Q

When do order sphenodonta feed? Where do they live?

A

Theyre nocturnal. Live in burrows.

125
Q

What are the most primitive living reptiles?

A

Order sphenodonta.

126
Q

What do sphenodonta have that allows sun exposure regulation?

A

Primitive third eye on their head.

127
Q

What surviving lineage gave rise to dinosaurs/birds?

A

Order crocodilia.

128
Q

What did crocodilia evolve from?

A

Fully terrestrial ancestors.

129
Q

What is the difference between an aligator and a crocodile?

A

Aligator - broad snout, upper teeth visible when mouth is closed.
Corocodile - narrow snout, upper and lower teeth visible when mouth is closed.

130
Q

What are the largest crocodiles?

A

Saltwater.

Animal Diversity (22 decks)

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