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Animal Diversity > Lecture 10 DA > Flashcards

Lecture 10 DA Flashcards

1
Q

Birds have scales and feathers that are analogous to what in reptiles?

A

They are analogous to reptile scales.

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2
Q

What are bird feathers made of?

A

Keratin.

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3
Q

What limb was modified to be wings in birds?

A

Forelimbs.

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4
Q

How many occipital condyles do birds have?

A

1.

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5
Q

What kind of skull do birds have, and how does this affect their beak? Why is this imprtant?

A

Most have a kinetic skull, allowing for a more dextrous beak. Important as they have no forelimbs for manipulation.

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6
Q

Is the birds beak bony or keratinised? Why?

A

Keratin. Keeps it light.

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7
Q

Do birds have teeth?

A

No.

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8
Q

How many chambers do bird hearts have? What other reptile is it the same as, and what does it differ from?

A
  1. Similar to crocodile and dinosaurs, but not any other reptile.
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9
Q

What are the eggs of birds like?

A

Hard with a calcareous shell.

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10
Q

True or false

Birds are both homeotherms and endotherms?

A

True.

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11
Q

What is the most diverse vertebrate after fish?

A

Birds.

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12
Q

Birds have a great biogeopgraphical range due to what?

A

Flight and homeothermy.

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13
Q

What contributes to a birds light skeleton?

A

Are pneumatic - filled with air cavities.

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14
Q

Is the birds skull fused into one piece or jointed together? What is the advantage of this?

A

It is fused as one piece. Makes it sturdier, allowing efficient muscle use.

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15
Q

What are the brain and eye sockets of birds like?

A

Large.

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16
Q

Does a birds vertebral column have joints or is it fused?

A

They are fused.

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17
Q

What is the synsacrum?

A

Fused trunk vertebra in birds.

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18
Q

What is the pygostyle?

A

Fused caudal vertebra in birds.

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19
Q

What is the neck of a bird like?

A

Elongate, s shaped, flexible.

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20
Q

Are the vertebrates of a birds neck fused?

A

Unfused.

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21
Q

How is a birds ribcage made more rigid?

A

Ribs are braced against each other with uncinate processes.

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22
Q

How is a birds sternum specialised for flight?

A

Has a large keel for flight muscle attachments.

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23
Q

What forms the wishbone/furcular, and what does it act as?

A

Fused clavicles form the wishbone, and acts as a spring for wing movement.

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24
Q

When rotating their wing, what allows the bird to flex their wrist sideways? Why is this action important?

A

The lunate wrist bone allows wrist to flex sideways, important for creating lift.

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25
Q

Where doe feathers form from?

A

Epidermis.

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26
Q

Describe the structure of a feather.

A

A central quill and shaft. Barbs form a flat vane on either side.

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27
Q

How do barbs of a birds feather stay zipped together?

A

Have overlapping barbules, linked together by small hooks.

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28
Q

Are feathers molted?

A

Yes, at least once a month.

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29
Q

What are the 5 types of feathers?

A 
Contour
Semiplumes
Down deathers
Bristles
Filoplumes
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30
Q

What are the 3 types of contour feathers, and what is their purpose?

A

Flight - wing, primary and secondary
Tail - for displays
Covert - between flight and tail feathers, covers their base

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31
Q

What are semiplume feathers used for?

A

Between and under flight feathers, mostly for insulation.

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32
Q

What are down feathers used for?

A

Lie underneath contour, for insulation. Are fluffy.

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33
Q

What are bristles used for?

A

Used as filters, or sensory, around the mouth, eyes, and nostrils.

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34
Q

What are filoplumes used for?

A

Decorative or sensory.

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35
Q

Do down feathers interlock?

A

Are fluffy, dont interlock.

36
Q

Do bristles have a shaft and vane?

A

Just a shaft, no vane.

37
Q

Do filoplumes have a shaft and vane?

A

Just a shaft, no vane.

38
Q

What two forces are flight driven by? How does a bird generate them?

A

Thrust - from beating wings.

Lift - from air movement over air foil shaped wing.

39
Q

What two feathers are responsible for generating the two forces necessary for flying?

A

Thrust - primary wings at wing tips.

Lift - wing shaped by secondary wings.

40
Q

What does flight at a low speed require? what is a consequence of this?

A

Requires a steeper angle of attack, risk of stalling.

41
Q

What two slot types are used to prevent stalling in birds?

A

Alula - produced by thumb bone and its feathers.

Slots between primary feathers, formed as theyre spread out.

42
Q

How is turbulence prevented in bird flight?

A

Tapered wings.

43
Q

Is thrust generated on both the upstroke and the downstroke of wings? Why/Why not?

A

It is generated in both, due to the rotation and bending of the wing, due to wrist flexibility conferred by lunate.

44
Q

What angle of attack is maintained in upstroke and downstroke? What does this allow?

A

Positive angle of attack. Allows diverse agility - steep takeoff, hovering etc.

45
Q

What muscle is responsible for the downstroke? what can be said of its tendon?

A

Pectoralis. Nothing noteworthy regarding its tendon.

46
Q

What muscle is responsible for the upstroke? What can be said of its tendon?

A

Supracoracoideus. Has a long tendon attachment.

47
Q

Where do the two key flight muscles insert to?

Are they antagonistic?

A

Both insert to the keel of the sternum and on the humerus. Are antagonistic.

48
Q

Keeping the two key flight muscles in what position lowers the centre of gravity? What advantage does this have?

A

Keeping them both ventral (rather than one dorsal as in humans) lowers centre of gravity, allowing more flight stability.

49
Q

what structure allows air flow to be continuous in birds?

A

Tubelike parabronchi, rather than blind ending alveoli.

50
Q

How many cycles of inhalation/exhalation are required to pass air through the entire system in birds?

A

2 cycles.

51
Q

Describe what happens to air when it goes through a birds respiratory system.

A

Inhaled air enters posterior sacs, then through fine parabronchi, exchanging O2.
Stored in anterior sacs during the next inhalation.
Released with the second exhalation.

52
Q

What is tha dvantage of having continuous air in birds?

A

Provides larger O2 supply, for higher metabolism demands of flight.

53
Q

Do the blood circulation system of birds have a higher efficiency of O2 vs other reptiles/mammals?

A

yes.

54
Q

What are the brains of birds like, and why?

A

Well developed brain, and sensory system to meet demands of flight and long distance hearing/vision.

55
Q

What size is the cerebellum of birds?

A

Large, for coordinating muscle movement.

56
Q

Do birds have a large optic lobe?

A

Yes.

57
Q

Do birds have symmetrical ear openings? Why?

A

No, allows them to locate sounds.

58
Q

What action aids birds in locating sounds?

A

Head tilt.

59
Q

What is an adaptation by owls to aid in sound focus?

A

Have facial riff of stiff feathers, acting as a parabolic reflector to focus sounds.

60
Q

How much food do birds eat?

A

Up to 100% of their body weight, due to flight demands.

61
Q

Where is food stored in birds? Where are they grinded?

A

Stored in the crop, grinded in the gizzard.

62
Q

How long does food stay in the birds stomach?

A

Pass rapidly through.

63
Q

What do the crop and gizzard compensate for?

A

Lack of hands or teeth for food manipulation.

64
Q

How do birds reduce their water intake?

A

Excreting highly concentrated uric acid.

65
Q

What are the advantages of migration (3)?

A

Broadens reource base
Maintains temperatures experienced
Prevents permanent predation pressure in one location.

66
Q

How do birds migrate?

A

By sight, magnetic sensing, and astronomical cues.

67
Q

During long flights, what can birds do to reduce water intake?

A

Can burn muscle vs fat, as it produces more water.

68
Q

What lineage are birds found in?

A

Archosauria.

69
Q

What dinosaur did birds evolve from?

A

Theropods

70
Q

What is the transition species of birds and dinosaurs called?

A

Archaeopteryx.

71
Q

Are feathers necessary for flying?

A

No.

72
Q

For what primary purpose were feathers thought to have been used for in birds?

A

Thought to have developed for insulation. Adapted later for flying, a preadaptation.

73
Q

What are the two possible ways of flight originating?

A

Trees down - began by gliding down from perch, but dinosaur ancestors were ground dwellers not climbers.
From ground up - began by leaping for insects, but no living gliders launch from the ground.

74
Q

What are the two superorders of birds, and what are their flight statuses?

A

Paleognathae - large flightless birds

Neognathae - flight birds

75
Q

What are the stermuns of neognathae vs paleognathae like?

A

Neognathae - keeled sternum

Paleognathae - flat sternum

76
Q

What are stromatolites? What do they have inside them?

A

Layered rocks containing sediment and cyanobacteria.

Have fossilised remains in their layers.

77
Q

Where the first cells heterotrophic or photosynthetic?

A

Heterotrophic.

78
Q

What released oxygen?

A

Photosyntheic cells.

79
Q

What was a consequence of oxygen release?

A

Development of the ozone layer, for UV protection.

80
Q

What are some hypotheses for the cambrian explosion (4)?

A
  • Sufficient O2 in atmosphere.
  • Mutations in developmental genes (hox genes).
  • Adaptive ratiation to fill ecological niches, and arms race (ie competition).
  • Climate change - end of an ice age, breakup of the supercontinent.
81
Q

The breakup of which supercontinent is believed to have contributed to the cambrian explosion? Why?

A

Rodinia. Allowed development of more coastal areas, where life evolved, Coincided with a warmer earth.

82
Q

What hampered evolutionary progress prior to the Rodinia breakup/cambrian explosion?

A

Massive ice age in rodinia.

83
Q

What did the permean mass extinction coincide with?

A

Supercontinent formation, pangea, altering temperature.

84
Q

What are some hypotheses over the causes of the permean mass extinction (3)?

A
  • Supercontinent pangea formation.
  • A lot of volcanic activity, high CO2 in atmosphere, nuclear winter.
  • Reduced oxygen in the ocean.
85
Q

What happened in the cretaceous era?

A

Extinction of dinosaurs.

86
Q

what happened after the cretaceous era?

A

Earth cooled, mammals evolved. Grasslands spread, leading to grazers and humans.

Animal Diversity (22 decks)

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