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Animal Diversity > Lecture 5 RH > Flashcards

Lecture 5 RH Flashcards

1
Q

What is so special about arthropods?

A

First animals to colonize land

They are the most diverse animal phylum (900000 species)

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2
Q

What are the key features of arthropods?

A

triploblastic

bilateral symmetry

Ecdysozoan protostomes

Coelomate

Chitinous exoskeleton

Metameric, heteronomous, tagmatisation

Paired, jointed appendages

Most are highly cephalised

Most reproduce by internal fertilization

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3
Q

What are ecdysozoan protostomes?

A

Protostomes that molt and dont undergo spiral cleavage

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4
Q

What is heteronomous segmentation?

A

Segments are different

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5
Q

What is homonomous segmentation?

A

All segments are the same

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6
Q

What is tagmatisation?

A

Multiple segments fused into distinct body regions.

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7
Q

Why is tagmatisation significant?

A

Allows specialization of segments for different purposes

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8
Q

What is the exoskeleton of arthropods made of?

A

chitin in some species of crustaceons it is reinforced with calcium or wax layer

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9
Q

What is the function of the arthropod exoskeleton?

A

Protection against predators and dessication

Structural support

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10
Q

Where do legs arise from in arthropods?

A

Paired jointed appendages are modified as legs

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11
Q

How is the exoskeleton’s rigidity overcome in arthropods when growing?

A

Molting

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12
Q

What kind of muscles do arthropod limbs have?

A

Antagonistic muscles

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13
Q

What is the problem with molting?

A

Molting is an energy and time consuming process which can get an arthropod killed

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14
Q

What are tracheae?

A

Hollow internal tubes and invaginations of cuticle

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15
Q

What is the function of tracheae?

A

Deliver oxygen to tissues

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16
Q

How is water loss reduced in arthropods?

A

Spiracles are closed by valves in some species to reduce water loss

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17
Q

What are wings made from?

A

Evaginations of cuticle

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18
Q

What are some features of the head of highly cephalised arthropods?

A

Well-developed central ganglia

Image-forming eyes (Compound eyes with units called ommatidia)

Antennae and antennules form mecahanosensory organs and chemosensory organs

Vibration sensors

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19
Q

What are the subphyla of arthropods?

A

Trilobita (extinct)

Crustacea: crabs, lobsters, shrimp, barnacles

Chelicerata: Horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites

Myriapoda: centipedes, millipedes, pauropods, symphylans

Hexapoda: insects, collembolans, proturans

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20
Q

What are the anatomical features of trilobites?

A

Biramous appendages, 1 pair of antennae

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21
Q

What are the anatomical features of crustaceons?

A

Biramous appendages, 2 pairs of antennae, naupilius larvae

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22
Q

What are the anatomical features of chelicerata?

A

uniramous appendages and no antennae

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23
Q

What are the anatomical features of myriapodae?

A

uniramous appendages 1 pair of antennae

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24
Q

What are the anatomical features of Hexapodae?

A

Uniramous appendages, 1 pair of antennae, no abdominal appendages

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25
Q

Which group of arthropods is most diverse?

A

Insects followed by chelicerates

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26
Q

What are the features of subphylum crustacea?

A

45000 described species

Great diversity in body forms and ecological niches

Mostly aquatic, some terrestrial

Display all types of feeding modes (predator, scavenger, herbivore, suspension feeder, deposit feeder) life styles

An important food group for humans

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27
Q

What are the traits of a generalized crustacean?

A

3 tagmata, or can have fused cephalothorax

Carpace variable

Head appendages

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28
Q

What are the typical crustacean head appendages?

A

antennules

Antennae

Mandibles

1st Maxillae

2nd Maxillae

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29
Q

What are the typical thorax appendages in crustaceanss?

A

up to 3 pairs of maxillipedes

Often 5 pairs of pereopods

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30
Q

What are the typical abdominal appendages?

A

6 pairs of pleopods

Telson and uropods

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31
Q

What are pereopods functional for?

A

Walking legs

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32
Q

What are maxillipeds?

A

Important limbs for manipulating food

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33
Q

What are pleopods functional for?

A

Swimming legs

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34
Q

Where do claws arise from?

A

pereopods

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35
Q

What are telson and uropods required for?

A

swimming

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36
Q

What are the appendage rami of crustaceans?

A

Exopod

Endopod

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37
Q

Where are the gills typically located on sea dwelling crustaceans?

A

exopod

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38
Q

What is autonomising the leg?

A

Dropping the leg off in reaction to predator grasping it

39
Q

What body systems does a crustacean have?

A

Complete digestive tract with gastric mill (teeth like structures at the opening of the stomach)

Open circulatory system: hemocoels (reduced coelom), heart ostia

Excretory system (metanephridia in head aka green glands)

Nervous system with brain and segmental ganglia

*muscles and exoskeleton inside the stomach to assist digestion

40
Q

Where is the anus located in crustaceans?

A

The very posterior end

41
Q

What is a hemocoel?

A

remnant of coelom which has blood accumulating forming sinuses

42
Q

Where are gills located in crustaceans?

A

on legs outside of the body

43
Q

How do crustaceans sense balance?

A

Statocysts on uropods

44
Q

Do crustaceans have compound eyes?

A

Yes

45
Q

How do crustaceans reproduce?

A

Internal fertilization (often with gonopod but highly variable)

Fertilized eggs are often brooded by females

46
Q

Are crustaceans mono or dio ecious?

A

Dioecious

47
Q

What larva do crustaceans produce?

A

nauplius (free swimming or in egg)

then the following can be the next stages:

Copepodite (copepods)

Cyprid (barnacles)

Zoea (crabs and other decapods)

Megalopa (crabs and other decapods)

48
Q

What is the life cycle of a prawn?

A

1) Fertilized eggs are released offshore
2) Nauplius stage followed by protozoea and mysis
3) Juveniles return to inshore nursery areas
4) Adults then go offshore to lay their eggs

49
Q

What are the classes of crustaceans?

A

Class malacostraca (includes decapoda, euphausiacea, stomatopoda, amphipoda, and isopoda)

Class Branchiopoda (contains fairy shrimp, water fleas, tadpole, and clam shrimp)

Class Maxillopoda (Contains Barnacles, tongue worms, ostracods, seed shrimp)

50
Q

What are the features of decapods?

A

2 tagmata (cephalothorax + abdomen)

3 maxillipeds

5 Pereopods (first 3 can chelate)

Pleopods are variable

Serial homology: Body segments are homologous

Occupy all habitats and feeding modes (deposit feeder, suspension feeder, predator, herbivore, scavenger)

51
Q

What are the sexual dimorphisms in crabs?

A

Males have a narrow abdomen and pleopods modified as gonopods

Females have a wide abdomen and pleopods used to carry fertilized eggs

52
Q

What are the features of subclass cirripedia (barnacles)?

A

All marine and sessile

Free-living species are filter feeders

Calcareous plates

“Mantle cavity”

6 pairs of thoracic cirri.

Reduced body (uncephalised and no abdomen)

53
Q

What is the life cycle of barnacles like?

A

1) Sexual reproduction results in nauplius larva which becomes a cyprid larva and loses antennae.
2) Cyprid larvae finds a rock and attaches to surface
3) Cyprid larva metamorphoses and produces a shell around it

54
Q

Are barnacles hermaphrodites?

A

Yes

55
Q

Are barnacles mono or dio ecious?

A

Monoecious

56
Q

What do barnacles do to mate considering that they are sessile?

A

They have an extensible penis which can grow to reach the female.

57
Q

What are the features of parasitic crustaceans?

A

Most show greatly reduced body form

They parasitise a wide range of animals including other crustaceans

All have typical crustacean larva

58
Q

What is a defining feature of crustaceans?

A

The nauplius larval stage

59
Q

How do the limbs adapt to the different environments crustaceans live in?

A

Different crustaceans use different specialized limbs to swim around

60
Q

What are crustacean adaptations to allow walking?

A

Pereopods with varying degrees of specialization

61
Q

What are crustacean adaptations to allow burrowing?

A

Amphipod can create a specialized limb out of their amphipod or their uropod in order to burrow

62
Q

How do suspension feeders modify their limbs for feeding?

A

In copepods: Maxilliped and 2nd maxilla are specialized for feeding.

In Decapods: 2nd antennae

Euphasids and branchiopods use pereopods

63
Q

How are limbs adapted to swimming?

A

In fairy shrimp and euphasid: Pereopods or pleopods move in waves of power and recovery strokes

In decapods: 5th pereopods form swimming legs and in some cases uropods form flippers

Copepods flick antennae

64
Q

What is modified for scavengind and deposit feeding?

A

Pereopods in some decapods

2nd antennae in gnathopods

Specialized stabbing pereopods in some

65
Q

What are the characteristics of the phylum hexapoda?

A

uniramus appendages

1 pair of antennae

3 tagmata

3 pairs of legs on thorax

Various head appendages

abdominal appendages are mostly absent

Waxy cuticle

Tracheae for gas exchange

malpighian tubules for excretion

Wings

66
Q

How do insects excrete their wastes?

A

Malpighian tubes

67
Q

What are chelipods?

A

Crab claws which are modified pereopods

68
Q

What are the main physiological adaptations to life on land in insects?

A

Malphigian tubes with efficient resorption of water

Tracheae which deliver oxygen directly to muscles

Valves in tracheae which close to reduce water loss.

69
Q

What are chewing mouthparts?

A

Strong mandibles with toothed plates

Maxillae to manipulate food

70
Q

What are chewing mouthparts needed for?

A

Predation, herbivory, or scavenging

71
Q

Which insects typically have chewing mouthparts?

A

Grasshopper

Dragonfly

Beetle

Cockroach

Termite

Biting Flies

72
Q

How do piercing and sucking mouthparts work?

A

Needle-like labium or stylet modified from maxillae and mandibles.

Tubular labrum for sucking while saliva flows out through hypopharynx

Used to pierce flesh or plant cells

73
Q

Which animals typically have piercing and sucking mouthparts?

A

Moquitos

Cicadas

Aphids

Lice

Some flies

74
Q

How do sucking mouthparts work?

A

Feed on energy rich liquids (eg nectar)

They are long and just suck

75
Q

Which insects have sucking mouthparts?

A

Butterflies and moths have no mandibles

Honey bees use labial palps and maxillae

76
Q

How do lapping mouthparts work?

A

Labium is modified into absorptive pads

Used for scavenging on any liquids

Biting flies use mandibles to cut flesh and make it bleed before lapping it up.

77
Q

What are some leg modifications in insects?

A

Hair on bee legs collect pollen

Mole cricket can dig with legs

Grasshopper has strong legs for jumping very high

78
Q

What are some antennae modifications in insects?

A

Some are modified for sensing chemicals, vibrations, air currents, surfaces

79
Q

What are some wing modifications in insects?

A

Most insects have 2 pairs of wings

Beetle have wing covered by a pair of elytra

Flies have wings and halteres

80
Q

What are the features of wings of insects?

A

They are formed by the evagination of cuticle with top and bottom membrane

Veins move to alter shape of wing

Wings pivot on side plate of exoskeleton

Compression of thorax causes wings to flap

Elasticity of exoskeleton can be used to increase beat frequency.

81
Q

What is a hemimetabolous life cycle?

A

Gradual change between instars

82
Q

What is holometabolism?

A

Complete metamorphism

83
Q

Why is it advantagous for separate stages of a lifecycle in insects?

A

Each stage of the life cycle specializes for a certain function.

84
Q

At what taxonomic level are insects separated?

A

Order

85
Q

Which orders are most commonly used by biologists?

A

Blattaria (cockroaches)

Coleoptera (beetles, fireflies, weevils)

Diptera (flies, mosquitos)

Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps)

Lepidoptera (Butterflies, moths)

Odonata (dragonflies)

86
Q

What is happening to pollinating insect populations?

A

They have been declining in numbers causing a decline in number of plants that depend on these insects

87
Q

What is causing colony collapse disorder?

A

Common pesticides are causing brain damage to bees and this disrupts their function.

88
Q

What are the features of myriapods?

A

Uniramous appendages

1 pair of antennae

2 tagmata

Waxy cuticle

Tracheae, spiracles cannot be closed

Malpighian tubules

89
Q

What do malpighian tubules do?

A

Help them produce highly concentrated excretions

90
Q

What are the features of chilopoda (centipedes)?

A

1 pair of legs per segment

Last pair of legs is sensory or defensive

Repugnatorial glands

Maxilliped on 1st trunk segment has forciple

91
Q

What is a maxilliped?

A

Maxillae like legs for manipulating food

92
Q

What is a forcipule?

A

Stabbing legs

93
Q

What are repugnatorial glands?

A

Defensive glands that secrete a chemical that is caustic

94
Q

What are the features of diplopoda (millipedes)?

A

Diplosegments (fused segments)

1st trunk segment without legs

2nd - 4th segments with 1 par of legs each

Remaining segments with 2 pairs of legs each

Repugnatorial glands

Harder cuticle than that in centipeds

Animal Diversity (22 decks)

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