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Lecture 5 RH Flashcards

1
Q

What is so special about arthropods?

A

First animals to colonize land

They are the most diverse animal phylum (900000 species)

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2
Q

What are the key features of arthropods?

A

triploblastic

bilateral symmetry

Ecdysozoan protostomes

Coelomate

Chitinous exoskeleton

Metameric, heteronomous, tagmatisation

Paired, jointed appendages

Most are highly cephalised

Most reproduce by internal fertilization

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3
Q

What are ecdysozoan protostomes?

A

Protostomes that molt and dont undergo spiral cleavage

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4
Q

What is heteronomous segmentation?

A

Segments are different

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5
Q

What is homonomous segmentation?

A

All segments are the same

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6
Q

What is tagmatisation?

A

Multiple segments fused into distinct body regions.

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7
Q

Why is tagmatisation significant?

A

Allows specialization of segments for different purposes

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8
Q

What is the exoskeleton of arthropods made of?

A

chitin in some species of crustaceons it is reinforced with calcium or wax layer

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9
Q

What is the function of the arthropod exoskeleton?

A

Protection against predators and dessication

Structural support

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10
Q

Where do legs arise from in arthropods?

A

Paired jointed appendages are modified as legs

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11
Q

How is the exoskeleton’s rigidity overcome in arthropods when growing?

A

Molting

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12
Q

What kind of muscles do arthropod limbs have?

A

Antagonistic muscles

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13
Q

What is the problem with molting?

A

Molting is an energy and time consuming process which can get an arthropod killed

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14
Q

What are tracheae?

A

Hollow internal tubes and invaginations of cuticle

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15
Q

What is the function of tracheae?

A

Deliver oxygen to tissues

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16
Q

How is water loss reduced in arthropods?

A

Spiracles are closed by valves in some species to reduce water loss

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17
Q

What are wings made from?

A

Evaginations of cuticle

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18
Q

What are some features of the head of highly cephalised arthropods?

A

Well-developed central ganglia

Image-forming eyes (Compound eyes with units called ommatidia)

Antennae and antennules form mecahanosensory organs and chemosensory organs

Vibration sensors

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19
Q

What are the subphyla of arthropods?

A

Trilobita (extinct)

Crustacea: crabs, lobsters, shrimp, barnacles

Chelicerata: Horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites

Myriapoda: centipedes, millipedes, pauropods, symphylans

Hexapoda: insects, collembolans, proturans

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20
Q

What are the anatomical features of trilobites?

A

Biramous appendages, 1 pair of antennae

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21
Q

What are the anatomical features of crustaceons?

A

Biramous appendages, 2 pairs of antennae, naupilius larvae

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22
Q

What are the anatomical features of chelicerata?

A

uniramous appendages and no antennae

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23
Q

What are the anatomical features of myriapodae?

A

uniramous appendages 1 pair of antennae

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24
Q

What are the anatomical features of Hexapodae?

A

Uniramous appendages, 1 pair of antennae, no abdominal appendages

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25
Which group of arthropods is most diverse?
Insects followed by chelicerates
26
What are the features of subphylum crustacea?
45000 described species Great diversity in body forms and ecological niches Mostly aquatic, some terrestrial Display all types of feeding modes (predator, scavenger, herbivore, suspension feeder, deposit feeder) life styles An important food group for humans
27
What are the traits of a generalized crustacean?
3 tagmata, or can have fused cephalothorax Carpace variable Head appendages
28
What are the typical crustacean head appendages?
antennules Antennae Mandibles 1st Maxillae 2nd Maxillae
29
What are the typical thorax appendages in crustaceanss?
up to 3 pairs of maxillipedes Often 5 pairs of pereopods
30
What are the typical abdominal appendages?
6 pairs of pleopods Telson and uropods
31
What are pereopods functional for?
Walking legs
32
What are maxillipeds?
Important limbs for manipulating food
33
What are pleopods functional for?
Swimming legs
34
Where do claws arise from?
pereopods
35
What are telson and uropods required for?
swimming
36
What are the appendage rami of crustaceans?
Exopod Endopod
37
Where are the gills typically located on sea dwelling crustaceans?
exopod
38
What is autonomising the leg?
Dropping the leg off in reaction to predator grasping it
39
What body systems does a crustacean have?
Complete digestive tract with gastric mill (teeth like structures at the opening of the stomach) Open circulatory system: hemocoels (reduced coelom), heart ostia Excretory system (metanephridia in head aka green glands) Nervous system with brain and segmental ganglia *muscles and exoskeleton inside the stomach to assist digestion
40
Where is the anus located in crustaceans?
The very posterior end
41
What is a hemocoel?
remnant of coelom which has blood accumulating forming sinuses
42
Where are gills located in crustaceans?
on legs outside of the body
43
How do crustaceans sense balance?
Statocysts on uropods
44
Do crustaceans have compound eyes?
Yes
45
How do crustaceans reproduce?
Internal fertilization (often with gonopod but highly variable) Fertilized eggs are often brooded by females
46
Are crustaceans mono or dio ecious?
Dioecious
47
What larva do crustaceans produce?
nauplius (free swimming or in egg) then the following can be the next stages: Copepodite (copepods) Cyprid (barnacles) Zoea (crabs and other decapods) Megalopa (crabs and other decapods)
48
What is the life cycle of a prawn?
1) Fertilized eggs are released offshore 2) Nauplius stage followed by protozoea and mysis 3) Juveniles return to inshore nursery areas 4) Adults then go offshore to lay their eggs
49
What are the classes of crustaceans?
Class malacostraca (includes decapoda, euphausiacea, stomatopoda, amphipoda, and isopoda) Class Branchiopoda (contains fairy shrimp, water fleas, tadpole, and clam shrimp) Class Maxillopoda (Contains Barnacles, tongue worms, ostracods, seed shrimp)
50
What are the features of decapods?
2 tagmata (cephalothorax + abdomen) 3 maxillipeds 5 Pereopods (first 3 can chelate) Pleopods are variable Serial homology: Body segments are homologous Occupy all habitats and feeding modes (deposit feeder, suspension feeder, predator, herbivore, scavenger)
51
What are the sexual dimorphisms in crabs?
Males have a narrow abdomen and pleopods modified as gonopods Females have a wide abdomen and pleopods used to carry fertilized eggs
52
What are the features of subclass cirripedia (barnacles)?
All marine and sessile Free-living species are filter feeders Calcareous plates "Mantle cavity" 6 pairs of thoracic cirri. Reduced body (uncephalised and no abdomen)
53
What is the life cycle of barnacles like?
1) Sexual reproduction results in nauplius larva which becomes a cyprid larva and loses antennae. 2) Cyprid larvae finds a rock and attaches to surface 3) Cyprid larva metamorphoses and produces a shell around it
54
Are barnacles hermaphrodites?
Yes
55
Are barnacles mono or dio ecious?
Monoecious
56
What do barnacles do to mate considering that they are sessile?
They have an extensible penis which can grow to reach the female.
57
What are the features of parasitic crustaceans?
Most show greatly reduced body form They parasitise a wide range of animals including other crustaceans All have typical crustacean larva
58
What is a defining feature of crustaceans?
The nauplius larval stage
59
How do the limbs adapt to the different environments crustaceans live in?
Different crustaceans use different specialized limbs to swim around
60
What are crustacean adaptations to allow walking?
Pereopods with varying degrees of specialization
61
What are crustacean adaptations to allow burrowing?
Amphipod can create a specialized limb out of their amphipod or their uropod in order to burrow
62
How do suspension feeders modify their limbs for feeding?
In copepods: Maxilliped and 2nd maxilla are specialized for feeding. In Decapods: 2nd antennae Euphasids and branchiopods use pereopods
63
How are limbs adapted to swimming?
In fairy shrimp and euphasid: Pereopods or pleopods move in waves of power and recovery strokes In decapods: 5th pereopods form swimming legs and in some cases uropods form flippers Copepods flick antennae
64
What is modified for scavengind and deposit feeding?
Pereopods in some decapods 2nd antennae in gnathopods Specialized stabbing pereopods in some
65
What are the characteristics of the phylum hexapoda?
uniramus appendages 1 pair of antennae 3 tagmata 3 pairs of legs on thorax Various head appendages abdominal appendages are mostly absent Waxy cuticle Tracheae for gas exchange malpighian tubules for excretion Wings
66
How do insects excrete their wastes?
Malpighian tubes
67
What are chelipods?
Crab claws which are modified pereopods
68
What are the main physiological adaptations to life on land in insects?
Malphigian tubes with efficient resorption of water Tracheae which deliver oxygen directly to muscles Valves in tracheae which close to reduce water loss.
69
What are chewing mouthparts?
Strong mandibles with toothed plates Maxillae to manipulate food
70
What are chewing mouthparts needed for?
Predation, herbivory, or scavenging
71
Which insects typically have chewing mouthparts?
Grasshopper Dragonfly Beetle Cockroach Termite Biting Flies
72
How do piercing and sucking mouthparts work?
Needle-like labium or stylet modified from maxillae and mandibles. Tubular labrum for sucking while saliva flows out through hypopharynx Used to pierce flesh or plant cells
73
Which animals typically have piercing and sucking mouthparts?
Moquitos Cicadas Aphids Lice Some flies
74
How do sucking mouthparts work?
Feed on energy rich liquids (eg nectar) They are long and just suck
75
Which insects have sucking mouthparts?
Butterflies and moths have no mandibles Honey bees use labial palps and maxillae
76
How do lapping mouthparts work?
Labium is modified into absorptive pads Used for scavenging on any liquids Biting flies use mandibles to cut flesh and make it bleed before lapping it up.
77
What are some leg modifications in insects?
Hair on bee legs collect pollen Mole cricket can dig with legs Grasshopper has strong legs for jumping very high
78
What are some antennae modifications in insects?
Some are modified for sensing chemicals, vibrations, air currents, surfaces
79
What are some wing modifications in insects?
Most insects have 2 pairs of wings Beetle have wing covered by a pair of elytra Flies have wings and halteres
80
What are the features of wings of insects?
They are formed by the evagination of cuticle with top and bottom membrane Veins move to alter shape of wing Wings pivot on side plate of exoskeleton Compression of thorax causes wings to flap Elasticity of exoskeleton can be used to increase beat frequency.
81
What is a hemimetabolous life cycle?
Gradual change between instars
82
What is holometabolism?
Complete metamorphism
83
Why is it advantagous for separate stages of a lifecycle in insects?
Each stage of the life cycle specializes for a certain function.
84
At what taxonomic level are insects separated?
Order
85
Which orders are most commonly used by biologists?
Blattaria (cockroaches) Coleoptera (beetles, fireflies, weevils) Diptera (flies, mosquitos) Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps) Lepidoptera (Butterflies, moths) Odonata (dragonflies)
86
What is happening to pollinating insect populations?
They have been declining in numbers causing a decline in number of plants that depend on these insects
87
What is causing colony collapse disorder?
Common pesticides are causing brain damage to bees and this disrupts their function.
88
What are the features of myriapods?
Uniramous appendages 1 pair of antennae 2 tagmata Waxy cuticle Tracheae, spiracles cannot be closed Malpighian tubules
89
What do malpighian tubules do?
Help them produce highly concentrated excretions
90
What are the features of chilopoda (centipedes)?
1 pair of legs per segment Last pair of legs is sensory or defensive Repugnatorial glands Maxilliped on 1st trunk segment has forciple
91
What is a maxilliped?
Maxillae like legs for manipulating food
92
What is a forcipule?
Stabbing legs
93
What are repugnatorial glands?
Defensive glands that secrete a chemical that is caustic
94
What are the features of diplopoda (millipedes)?
Diplosegments (fused segments) 1st trunk segment without legs 2nd - 4th segments with 1 par of legs each Remaining segments with 2 pairs of legs each Repugnatorial glands Harder cuticle than that in centipeds

Animal Diversity (22 decks)

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