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Animal Diversity > Lecture 4 DA > Flashcards

Lecture 4 DA Flashcards

1
Q

What is the feeding organ of molluscs?

A

Radula and odontophores.

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2
Q

Where is an odontophore relative to a radula?

A

The odontophore projects out of the mouth, and the radula slides over it.

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3
Q

What two functions do feet have?

A

Burrow into the substratum or for locomotion.

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4
Q

How can feet be used for burrowing?

A

Burrows into the substratum, and the ends thicken to anchor.

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5
Q

What is a mantle? What happens here in shelled organisms?

A

Sheath of skin on each side on the body. Shell is secreted here in shelled organisms.

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6
Q

What does the mantle cavity house? What function does it have if exposed?

A

Gills or lungs. Has gas exchange function if exposed.

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7
Q

Where do products of digestive, excertory and reproductive systems empty to?

A

The mantle cavity.

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8
Q

What use do mantle cavities have in cephalopods?

A

Jet propulsion.

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9
Q

What are the layers of a shell and what are they made of (3)?

A

Periostracum - outer horny layer, made of conchiolin.
Prismatic layer - middle layer, made of closely packed CaCO3.
Inner layer - nacreous layer, made of nicre.

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10
Q

What is conchiolin?

A

Tanned protein.

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11
Q

What are ctenidia, and where are they housed?

A

They are gills created by overhanging mantle and shell.
Several pairs are housed in the mantle cavity.
Composed of numerous flattened filaments extending from a support axis - looks like a TV antennae.

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12
Q

How does water move over ctenidia?

A

Has leaf-like filaments with cilia to draw water across.

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13
Q

Do molluscs have countercurrent blood movement?

A

Yes.

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14
Q

Do molluscs have a pumping heart and blood vessels?

A

Yes.

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15
Q

What are haemocoeles?

A

Blood sinuses in molluscs.

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16
Q

What is the excretory organ of molluscs?

A

Pair of kidneys or metanephridia.

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17
Q

How do molluscs discharge gametes?

A

Via their kidney duct.

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18
Q

What is the nervous system of molluscs like?

A

Mantle and visceral mass innervated by a pair of nerve cords, and its foot by another pair.

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19
Q

What do the pedal and visceral nerve cords innervate?

A

Pedal - Foot

Visceral - Mantle

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20
Q

Do the pedal and visceral nerve cords communicate, or are they independent?

A

They do, the connections make it look like a ladder.

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21
Q

What kinds of highly specialised organs can molluscs have (3)?

A

Eyes, statocysts and osphradia (chemoreceptor patches).

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22
Q

What is the stomach of molluscs like?

A

Has a primitive stomach that processes fine particles of food.

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23
Q

What is a protostyle? How is it used?

A

A rotating mucous mass in the style sac. A crystalline style within the sac pulls on the mucus with food in it, which is filtered off and sent to digestive glands.

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24
Q

Are molluscs monoecious?

A

No, diecious.

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25
Q

Where are the mollusc’s gonads found? How many do they have?

A

A pair is found near the visceral mass, near the pericardium.

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26
Q

Where are gametes released into?

A

The coelom, from the kidney duct, called gonaduct.

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27
Q

What kind of cleavage do molluscs have?

A

Spiral cleavage, whatever the fek that means.

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28
Q

What is a trochophore?

A

First larval stage of molluscs.

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29
Q

What is a veliger? Is this found in other phyla aside from molluscs?

A

It is the second larval stage, and is unique to molluscs.

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30
Q

What are the classes of molluscs (8)?

A 
Caudofoveata
Solenogastres
Monoplacophora
Polyplacophora
Scaphopoda
Gastropoda
Bivalvia
Cephalopoda
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31
Q

What classes of molluscs are worm-like? What water environment do they live in? What features do they have?

A

Caudofoveata
Solenogastres
They are 5mm and live in deep ocean water.

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32
Q

What classes of molluscs have poorly developed heads and no shells? What do they feed on?

A

Caudofoveata
Solenogastres
Feed on cnidarians.

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33
Q

Are Caudofoveata monoecious? What about Solenogastres?

A

Caudofoveata are diecious.

Solenogastres are monoecious.

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34
Q

What is a distinguishing feature of Solenogastres?

A

Theyre monoecious.

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35
Q

Where do monoplacophora live?

A

Deep ocean.

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36
Q

Are monoplacophora shelled? What shape do they have?

A

Yes, theyre shield shaped.

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37
Q

What do monoplacophora look like? What ar etheyr internal and external structures like?

A

Look like limpets, but arent. Have a repetition of internal and external structures, ie multiple sets of gills and kidneys etc.

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38
Q

What do monoplacophora use their foot for?

A

Creeping.

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39
Q

Are monoplacophora cephalised?

A

Slightly.

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40
Q

Do monoplacophora have a stomach and radula?

A

Yes, and a cone shaped stomach.

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41
Q

What do monoplacophora feed on?

A

Diatoms and sponges.

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42
Q

Which class are chitons found in, and what are they?

A

Class polypacophora. They are plates adapted for hard surface living.

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43
Q

Where do polypacophora live?

A

Hard surfaces, especially intertidal zones.

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44
Q

What is the periphery of polypacophora mantles called?

A

Girdle.

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45
Q

How do polypacophora lock themselves down?

A

Their mantle is thick and stiff. It extends beyond the lateral margins of the chitons. It and the foot are used for gripping.

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46
Q

How many plates do polypacophora have?

A

8 articulating plates.

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47
Q

Do polypacophora have eyes or tentacles?

A

No.

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48
Q

Do polypacophora have a distinct head?

A

No.

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49
Q

What do polypacophora feed on and how?

A

Fine algae using very long radula.

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50
Q

What is a pallial groove in polypacophora?

A

Groove between the mantle and foot housing multiple gills.

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51
Q

Are polypacophora diecious? Where are their gonads found?

A

Are diecious. Has a single medial gonad.

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52
Q

Where does fertilisation occur in polypacophora?

A

In the ocean or female mantle.

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53
Q

How are polypacophora eggs protected?

A

Enclosed in a spiny envelope.

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54
Q

Do polypacophora have a veliger and trochophore stage?

A

Has a trochophore stage only, with no veliger stage.

No trochophore stage as well in those that brood eggs (egg fertilised in female mantle).

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55
Q

Where do scaphopoda live?

A

Burrowing marine.

56
Q

What shape do scaphopoda have? Are they shelled?

A

Shelled, and tusk shaped.

57
Q

How do scaphopoda burrow?

A

Burrows in soft bottoms, shell open at each end, wider end is burrowed, where the foot is. Ventilating current enters and leaves through the small hole.

58
Q

What do scaphopoda feed on?

A

Detritus, and protozoa.

59
Q

What are captacula?

A

Mucus covered cilia used by scaphopoda to feed.

60
Q

Do scaphopoda have radula?

A

Yes.

61
Q

What is the largest class of molluscs?

A

Gastropoda.

62
Q

Gastropods have torsion and spiral shells. What is a consequence of this?

A

Right gill, auricle, and nephridium is reduced or lost.

63
Q

Name 4 ways in which gastropods are diistinct from generalised molluscs.

A
  • Developed head
  • Dorsoventral elongation
  • Shell converted from protective shield to protective housing
  • Torsion, body twisted 180* counterclockwise.
64
Q

What is a benefit of torsion in gastropods?

A

Digestive system twists with it, and the anus twists upward, allowing it to discharge out of the shell, versus into the mantle cavity.

65
Q

When does torsion in gastropods occur?

A

Typically in veliger stage.

66
Q

What are columella muscles used for?

A

Withdrawing head and foot into the sheel, gastropods.

67
Q

What are the three subclasses of gastropoda?

A

Prosobranchia
Opisthobranchia
Pulmonata

68
Q

What is the operculum, and what is it found in?

A

Horny disc that acts as a hinge with the foot, allowing it to seal the aperture. Found in the gastropod subclasses Prosobranchs, opisthobranchs, and pulmonates.

69
Q

Do prosobranchia have torsion, and how do they breathe?

A

Respire by gills, and have torsion.

70
Q

Do opisthobranchia have torsion, a shell and a mantle cavity?

A

Has detorsion.

Shell and mantle cavity is reduced or absent.

71
Q

Do pulmonata have gills and torsion? What is their mantle cavity like?

A

No gills, replaced by lungs in the mantle cavity. Has some detorsion.

72
Q

What is the order in prosobranchia called?

A

Archaeogastropoda.

73
Q

What is the most basal of gastropod forms?

A

Archaeogastropoda.

74
Q

How is waste removed in archaeogastropoda?

A

Shell has notches or perforations that allow waste product removal.

75
Q

Where do archaeogastropoda live?

A

Restricted to firm substrata.

76
Q

Do prosobranchia have monopectinate or bipennate gills?

A

No right gill, their single left gill is monopectinate.

77
Q

Are prosobranchia restricted to hard surfaces?

A

No, only the order archaeogastropoda are.

78
Q

Are both freshwater ans terrestrial prosobranchia operculate?

A

Yes.

79
Q

Do prosobranchia have probuscises?

A

Yes, in carnivorous species.

80
Q

How do prosobranchia reproduce?

A

Most copulate, with internal fertilisation.

81
Q

Do prosobranchia have trochophore and veliger?

A

No trochophore stage, hatches direct to veliger.

Called direct development.

82
Q

Where do opisthobranchia live?

A

Marine.

83
Q

What degree of torsion do opisthobranchia have?

A

90*

84
Q

Where is the gill and mantle cavity of opisthobranchia located?

A

Right side.

85
Q

Do opisthobranchia have an operculum?

A

No.

86
Q

Are opisthobranchia shelled?

A

Some have primitive shells, lost in many,same with gills.

87
Q

Are opisthobranchia monoecious?

A

Yes.

88
Q

Do opisthobranchs have a trochophore and veliger stage?

A

Veliger only, direct development.

89
Q

What degree of torsion do pulmonata have?

A

90*

90
Q

Do pulmonata have gills? Where do they live?

A

Gill is lost, mantle cavity became a lung.
Lives in intertidal zones, as well as terrestrial.
Basal forms live in freshwater.

91
Q

Do pulmonata have tentacles or eyes?

A

Higher ones have tentacles with eyes on them.

92
Q

Are pulmonata monoecious? How do they reproduce?

A

Yes. Copulate for mutual sperm transfer.

93
Q

Do pulmonata have direct development?

A

Yes,

94
Q

Where are the digestive organs of pulmonata found?

A

Upper shell.

95
Q

What are the three major groups of class bivalvia, and how are they distinguished? Which is the majority?

A

Protobranchs
Lamellibranchs - majority
Septibranchs

96
Q

Which end are bivalvia joined? Do they have a prominent or reduced head?

A

Shells join at the dorsal end, and have a reduced head.

97
Q

What are the foot and gills in bivalvia like?

A

Foot is compressed laterally.

Gills are large with food collecting role.

98
Q

Do bivalvia have radula?

A

No.

99
Q

Can bivalvia burrow?

A

Yes, in soft substrata.

100
Q

Which group are primitive bivalvia in?

A

Protobranchia.

101
Q

Are protobranchia gills bipennate or monopectinate?

A

Bipennate.

102
Q

Where does the ventilating current enter and leave protobranchia?

A

Posterior end.

103
Q

How do protobranchia feed?

A

Are selective feeders.
Use a pair of palpal tentacles.
Stomach has a protostyle and sorting reigon.
Inner surface of palps are ciliated and ridged.
Light particles are carried by crest cilia, heavy by groove cilia.

104
Q

What do crest and groove cilia in protobranchia carry?

A

Crest - light particles to the mouth.

Groove - heavy particles to the mantle.

105
Q

What do lamellibranchia use their gills for?

A

Gas exchange and filterfeeding.

106
Q

What do frontal cilia in lamellibranchia do?

A

Transport food particles.

107
Q

How do lamellibranchia filter food?

A

Have lengethened and folded gill filaments for greater surface area.
Forms grooves for food transport.
Water in the inhalant chamber circulates between ridges, entering a water tube via ostia.
Water flows out of the exhalant opening via water tubes.

108
Q

How do lamellibranchia digest?

A

Their stomach protostyle consolidates into a gelatinous crystalline style, liberates enzymes at its eroded.

109
Q

What are lamellibranchia diverticula?

A

Allows intracellular digestion of proteins to follow extracellular digestion of starches and lipids in the stomach.

110
Q

What are infauna and epifauna?

A

Epifauna - attached or unattached surface dwellers

Infauna - soft bottom burrowers.

111
Q

Where do epifauna lamellibranchia live?

A

Hard surfaces by threads called byssal threads or cementation onto hard surfaces.

112
Q

Do epifauna lamellibranchia have a foot?

A

No, they tend not to have one.

113
Q

Do epifauna lamellibranchia have strong anterior adductor muscles? What does it do?

A

It is reduced. Closes the shell.

114
Q

Are epifauna lamellibranchia symmetrical?

A

No.

115
Q

What is escape swimming?

A

Propulsion by clapping their shells,done by epifauna lamellibranchia.

116
Q

What are boring bivalves?

A

Epifauna lamellibranchia that can drill, done mechanically using anterior shell margins.

117
Q

Are bivalvia diecious or monoecious?

A

Mostly diecious.

118
Q

Do bivalvia have trochophores and veligers? Where does fertilisation occur?

A

Fertilisiation is usually external.
Has both trocophore and veliger larvae.
Development is planktonic.

119
Q

How do cephalopod swim?

A

Jet propulsion.

120
Q

How do some cephalopods control buoyancy? What is a consequence of this?

A

Has a gas filled chamber, regulated by controlling volume wthin. Chamber is called siphuncle, and are slow swimmers. Usually have a shell.

121
Q

What are chromatophores?

A

Skin colour changing cells found in some cephalopods.

122
Q

Can cephalopods see colour?

A

No, theyre colour-blind.

123
Q

Do all cephalopods produce ink?

A

Yes, all except shelled.

124
Q

Are cephalopods benthic?

A

Yes, they have secondary crawling for locomotion. Jet propulsion only for escaping and intermittent swimming.

125
Q

Are cephalopods diecious?

A

Yes, all are.

126
Q

How do cephalopods reproduce?

A

Male rips off a spermatophore from its mantle and inserts it into a female’s mantle cavity using a single arm called hectocotylus.

127
Q

Do cephalopods have direct development?

A

Yes, but some young are planktonic.

128
Q

Do cephalopods have prehensile tentacles?

A

Most do, theyre held by 8 arms. All have suckers.

129
Q

Do octopods have tentacles?

A

No, due to crawling, but still have the arms.

130
Q

What are the mouths of cephalopods like?

A

Horny parrot-like beak with a pair of poison glands.

131
Q

How do cephalopods eat?

A

Grasp prey and tear off pieces using radulae.

132
Q

What oxygen-carrying protein do cephalopods use?

A

Haemocyanin.

133
Q

Are cehalopod gills ciliated?

A

No.

134
Q

Do cephalopod gills have secondary folding?

A

Yes.

135
Q

Do cephalopods have eyes?

A

Yes, highly developed eyes.

Animal Diversity (22 decks)

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