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Animal Diversity > Lecture 6 DA > Flashcards

Lecture 6 DA Flashcards

1
Q

Which subphyla of arthropoda is the 2nd largest?

A

Chelicerata.

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2
Q

What percentage do arachnids make up chelicerata?

A

98%.

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3
Q

Do chelicerata have antennae?

A

No.

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4
Q

Do chelicerata have mandibles?

A

No.

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5
Q

How many tagmata do chelicerata have?

A

2, a cephalothorax called prosoma, and abdomen called opisthosoma.

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6
Q

How many uniramous appendages do chelicerata have, and what are they called and used for?

A

Chelicerae - used for handling food, are fangs in spiders.
Pedipalps - Are like chelicerae, used to handle food.
4 pairs of walking legs.

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7
Q

What are book gills, and where are they found?

A

They are flap-like gills in the opisthosoma. Some are external, some are internal.
Internal ones are called book lungs.

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8
Q

What are the three classes of chelicerata?

A

Merostomata
Arachnida
Pyncogonida

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9
Q

What are merostomata known as, and how many species?

A

Made of 4 species, the horseshoe crabs.

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10
Q

What is the largest class in chelicerata?

A

Arachnida.

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11
Q

What are the four important orders of arachnida?

A

Araneae - true spiders
Opiliones
Scorpionida
Acari

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12
Q

What kind of environment do arachnida live in?

A

All terrestrial.

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13
Q

Are the arachnida cuticle waxy or calcareous?

A

waxy.

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14
Q

What do arachnida use to breathe?

A

Book lungs.

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15
Q

Can tracheae of arachnida be closed?

A

Yes.

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16
Q

How do arachnida excrete, and what does this aid in?

A

Malpighian tubules, aids against water loss.

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17
Q

Where does fertilisation occur in arachnida?

A

Internal.

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18
Q

What is the structure of arachnida zygotes?

A

They are shelled.

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19
Q

What do mechanoreceptors do in arachnida?

A

Detect air vibrations.

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20
Q

What chelicerae adaptation do aranae have?

A

Fangs for stabbing and tearing prey. Usually has a toxin gland.

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21
Q

How do aranae digest food?

A

Externally, due to no mandibles.

Vomit digestive enzymes to dissolve, then suck.

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22
Q

How many pairs of eyes do aranae have?

A

4.

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23
Q

How do aranae spin webs?

A

Spinnerets.

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24
Q

Where are most of the internal organs of aranae found?

A

Opisthosoma.

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25
Q

What is the opisthosoma of aranae made of?

A

Several fused segments, which isnt visible externally.

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26
Q

What is the pedicel of aranae, and what is its purpose?

A

Is the junction between prosoma and opisthosoma. Used for flexibility and placing silk, a feature of true spiders.

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27
Q

Do aranae abdomens have any leg appendages?

A

No.

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28
Q

What is spider silk?

A

Complex liquid crystalline polymer that becomes solid when stretched. Equivalent to steel in cross sectional area.

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29
Q

How many glands produce silk in aranae?

A

7 types, each make a different kind.

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30
Q

How are spider silk glands arranged? How are these further arranged?

A

Glands are arranged in spools. The spools are arranged in spinnerets.

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31
Q

What are the functions of spider silk (6)?

A
  • Used for locomotion - dragline.
  • Travelling - ballooning.
  • Stationary webs made of a strong non-sticky framework, covered in sticky webbing.
  • Used in feeding by wrapping prey.
  • Used in reproduction, wrapping food as offering, transferring sperm etc.
  • Egg cocoons.
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32
Q

What is the order opiliones?

A

Called daddy-long legs, which also incorrectly refers to the cellar spider, and is a true spider.
Real daddy-long legs arent true spiders.

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33
Q

What is the the largest living arachnid?

A

Scorpionida - scorpions.

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34
Q

Where do scorpionida live?

A

Arid or humid climates.

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35
Q

What modified appendages do scorpionida have (2)?

A

Large pedipalps with chelicerae.

Telson with a stinger.

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36
Q

How do scorpionida catch prey?

A

They use mechanoreceptors to detect air vibrations.

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37
Q

What are the order acari?

A

Ticks/mites

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38
Q

What are the tagmata of acari like?

A

Cephalothorax and abdomen are fused.

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39
Q

What is the difference between a tick and a mite?

A

-Tick
Larger, more triangular/rounded
Bloodsucking parasites that anchors to the host, and transmits parasites.
-Mites
Longer mouthpart, more diverse
Can be freeliving or parasitic, aquatic or terrestrial.

40
Q

What are the chelicerata class pycogonida?

A

Sea spiders.

41
Q

What are the tagmata of pycogonida like?

A

Mostly cephalothorax, with a reduced absomen. Look like daddy-long legs.

42
Q

Where is the chelicerae of pycogonida found?

A

Held by an elongated probuscus extending from its anterior end.

43
Q

What are uniramous appendages believed to be a consequence of?

A

Convergent evolution.

44
Q

What suggests crustaceans and hexapods are related?

A

The hox genes.

45
Q

What are hox genes?

A

Genes responsible for developmental regulators.

46
Q

How can we know the functions of hox genes?

A

By introducing mutations into them and observing the effects.

47
Q

What common appendages are controlled by hox genes (3)?

A

Leg development, as well as wing placement and numbers.

48
Q

What is an advantage of the hox genes?

A

Allows easier evolution and developmental adaptation, and addresses the diversity of arthropoda.

49
Q

What did key adaptations for terrestrial life evolve from?

A

Biramous appendages.

50
Q

What is an advantage of serial repetition?

A

Allows specialisation by modifying structures in certain regions, making specialised tagmata.

51
Q

Are hox genes found in phyla that arent bilaterally symmetrical?

A

Yes.

52
Q

Are vertebrates segmented?

A

Yes.

53
Q

How do phylum onychophora catch prey?

A

Using sticky glands.

54
Q

What feature do onychophora have in common with both annelids and arthropods?

A

Segmented coelomate protostomes.

55
Q

What features do onychophora have in common with annelids only (3)?

A

Soft, non-calcified cuticle
Homonomous metamerism
Paired appendages

56
Q

What features do onychophora have in common with arthropods only (3)?

A

Molting cuticle
Reduced abdomen
Have tracheae

57
Q

What 3 phyla is the superphylum lophotrochozoa made of?

A

Ectoprocta
Phoronida
Brachiopoda

58
Q

What do phyla within the superphylum lophotrochozoa have in common?

A

They share a structure called a lopophore, which is a ring of tentacles, O or U shaped, and used for suspension feeding. Water is drawn across, and cilia capture food. Also used for gas exchange.

59
Q

Is the superphylum lophotrchozoa triploblastic? Do they have a complete gut? Are they coelomates?

A

They are coelomates, with a complete gut.

They are triploblastic.

60
Q

Are lophotrochozoa cephalised?

A

No.

61
Q

Where do lophotrochozoans live?

A

Almost entirely marine, on the bottom and sedentary.

Some ectoprocta are freshwater.

62
Q

What do lophotrochozoans secrete?

A

Protective covering.

63
Q

What are phylum ectoprocta like?

A

Is a single polypide, living in a zooecium, a protective covering.

64
Q

How does an ectoprocta extend its locophore?

A

An orifice in the zooecium allows an introvert to extend it.

65
Q

Do ectoprocta have an operculum and funiculus?

A

Yes.

66
Q

What do ectoprocta look like?

A

Look like colonial coral, are all clones of each other.

67
Q

What muscles are used to extend and retract the introvert in ectoprocta?

A

Circular to extend it, and retractor muscles to retract.

68
Q

Aside from muscle action, how else can ectorpocta extend its locophore?

A

Can have a membrane that it pulls on to increase intra-pressure to force it out.

69
Q

Do ectoprocta have polymorphism in its colony?

A

Yes.

70
Q

What are feeding ectoprocta called?

What about reproductive and defensive?

A

Feeding - autozooids
Reproductive - ovicells
Defensive - avicularium and vibraculum

71
Q

Where do phylum phoronida live?

A

2 genera that live entirely marine.

72
Q

What are phylum phoronida?

A

Solitary worms.

73
Q

How do phylum phoronida protect themselves?

A

Chitinous protective covering.

74
Q

Are phylum phoronida sedenrary?

A

Yes, in sediment.

75
Q

Do phornidia have metanephrida and a blood circulatory system?

A

Yes.

76
Q

Where do phylum brachiopoda live?

A

All marine.

77
Q

Are phylum brachiopoda solitary?

A

Yes.

78
Q

How do brachiopoda protect themselves?

A

Calcareous bivalve shell, dorsoventral side.

79
Q

How do brachiopoda attach to substrata?

A

Pedicle.

80
Q

Do brachiopoda have metanephridia and blood circulatory system?

A

Yes.

81
Q

How do brachiopoda open and close its shell?

A

Has abductor and adductor muscles.

82
Q

Is there any evidence that unites all the lophotrochozoans?

A

Only their locophore does. No other evidence suggests theyre related.

83
Q

Are lophotrochozoans protostomes or deuterostomes?

A

They are believed to be protostomes.

84
Q

Are phylum rotifer coelomates?

A

No, blastocoelomates.

85
Q

What do phylum rotifera eat?

A

Graze on algae.

86
Q

How do rotifera feed?

A

Feed with a corona.

87
Q

What’s unusual about rotifera reproduction?

A

Some species have no males, where the females reproduce entirely by parthenogenesis.

88
Q

Are phylum chaetognatha coelomates?

A

Yes.

89
Q

What do chaetognatha eat?

A

Feed on marine plankton.

90
Q

How do protostome coeloms develop?

A

By schizocoely.

91
Q

What is schizocoely?

A

Coelom develops by the mesoderm splitting, with the cavity formed becoming the coelom.

92
Q

How do deuterostome coeloms develop?

A

By enerocoely.

93
Q

What is enterocoely?

A

Mesoderm forms in pockets from the gastrocoele, pinching off part of it (the gastrocoele) to form the coelom.
The coelom is therefore a remnant of the gastrocoele.

94
Q

Is the coelom a remnant of the gastrocoele in schizocoely development?

A

No.

95
Q

What kind of cleavage do deuterostomes have in their zygotes?
What about protostomes?
What kind of cleavage do locotrophozoans have?

A

Deuterostomes - radial
Protostomes - spiral
Locotrophozoans - spiral

Animal Diversity (22 decks)

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