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Animal Diversity > Lecture 7 DA > Flashcards

Lecture 7 DA Flashcards

1
Q

How does cleavage differ between protostomes and deuterostomes?

A

Protostome - cleavage is spiral and determinate.

Deuterostome - cleavage is radial, and indeterminate.

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2
Q

If a cell was taken from a 4-cell zygote of a protostome and deuterostome, what would each form?

A

Protostome - could form a quarter of a non-viable organism.

Deuterostome - could form a complete embryo, as in homozygotic twins.

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3
Q

What is the plane of cell division in protostomes and deuterostomes?

A

Protostomes - diagonal to the vertical axis of the cell.

Deuterostomes - perpendicular or parallel to the vertical axis of the cell.

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4
Q

What is the difference between schizocoely and enterocoely development of the coelom?

A

Schizocoely - solid mass of mesoderm splits, and the cavity forms the coelom.
Enterocoely - coelom buds off the main cavity, to form the coelom.

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5
Q

What is the major group of deuterostomes?

A

Phylum echinodermata.

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6
Q

Where do phylum echinodermata live?

A

Exclusively marine.

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7
Q

What are the classes of phylum echinodermata (6)?

A 
Asteroid
Ophiuroidea
Echinoidea
Crinoidea
Holothuroidea
Concentricycloidea
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8
Q

Are premetamorphic echinoderms generally bilateral or radially symmetrical? What about postmetamorphic? What does this suggest?

A

Premetamorphic are generally bilateral, while postmetamorphic are pentamerous with radial symmetry.
Suggests radial symmetry is secondary.

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9
Q

What kind of skeleton do echinoderms have, and what does it develop from? Where is it located? Is it unique?

A

Have an endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates, and develops from the mesoderm. Located within the body wall. Unique to invertebrates.

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10
Q

What is mutable connective tissue?

A

Allows them to break off their arms.

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11
Q

What are the skeletons of echinoderms covered by?

A

Epidermis and cuticle.

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12
Q

What is the water vascular system of echinoderms formed by?

A

A canal close to the body wall, lined with ciliated epithelium, filled with fluid, similar to sea water, but with coelomocytes, proteins and a high K+ concentration.

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13
Q

What is the water within an echinoderm’s water vascular system like (4)?

A

Similar to sea water, but with coelomocytes, proteins and a high K+ concentration.

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14
Q

In the water vascular system, what surrounds the oesophagus/mouth?

A

Ring canal.

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15
Q

What two organs may be attached to the ring canal, and what do they do?

A

Tiedmann’s bodies, used for defence.

Polian vesicles, used as fluid storage organs.

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16
Q

What do canals within the water vascular system connect to?

A

Ampullas.

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17
Q

What is found on the aboral side of echinoderms?

A

A button shaped ossicle, called a padreoporite.

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18
Q

What is the vertical canal in echinoderms?

A

Canal connecting the madreporite to the ring canal. Also called stone canal.

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19
Q

From where is the echinoderm’s water vascular system connected with sea water?

A

Through the madreporite.

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20
Q

What are radial canals?

A

Canals that extend from the ring canal into each arm tip of the echinoderm.

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21
Q

What are lateral canals?

A

Canals that extend laterally off radial canals in the arm tips, and connect to ampullas.

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22
Q

What is the purpose of an ampulla in echinoderms?

A

Squeeze to move water around.

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23
Q

What can be found on each lateral canal (2)?

A

A valve, as well as a podium under the ampulla.

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24
Q

Is the ampulla outside the coelum?

A

No, within it.

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25
Q

How do amulla contract, and what effect does this have?

A

Muscle fibres lie within the podia and ampulla walls, and are antagonists.
To extend podia, ampulla contracts, and podia relaxes.
Vice versa to retract podia.

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26
Q

Where are the gonads and gut tract of echinoderms found?

A

Either side of the lateral canal.

Guts can be found above the gonads.

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27
Q

What are the functions of podia (5)?

A 
Feeding
Burrowing
Locomotion
Sensory perception
Respiration
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28
Q

How do mutable connective tissue work?

A

Can change stiffness according to the situation, from rigid to flexible.

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29
Q

Does mutable connective tissue become rigid or flexible when being lost to a predator?

A

Softens, and depolymerisation occurs.

30
Q

Are echinoderms mono- or dioecious?

A

Most are dioecious, but some are hermaphrodites.

31
Q

Where does fertilisation occur for echinoderms?

A

External.

32
Q

What is the egg of an echinoderm called, and what is it like?

A

Homolecithal egg, with the yolk uniformly distributed.

33
Q

Is the blastula of a homolecithal egg of echinoderms ciliated? What is the blastocoele like?

A

Blastula is ciliated, contains a large blastocoele.

34
Q

What happens before invagination into a blastocoele in echinoderm eggs?

A

Cells from a vegetal pole divide before invagination.

35
Q

What are the modes of development for an echinoderm (3)?

A 
-Planktonic
Feed on plankton
-Lecitotrophic
Do not feed, utilise yolk
-Brooded
Premetamorphic develop in an invagination in mother's abdominal wall.
36
Q

What is the most common echinoderm developmental mode?

A

50% are lecitotrophic.

37
Q

How long do the modes of development last typically?

A

Brooding and planktonic last several months while lecitotropihc is several days.

38
Q

What kind of symmetry do echinoderm larva have?

A

Bilateral.

39
Q

Are echinoderm larva ciliated?

A

Yes, ciliated band surrounds the mouth.

40
Q

What feature do each of the echinoderm class larva have?

A
  • Echinoid and ophiuroid - long slender projections with a skeletal rod.
  • Asteroid and holothuroid - short arms.
  • Crinoid - no projections, lecitoprophic.
41
Q

What do larva metamorphose into? Where does this form develop structures?

A

Radial juvenile.They develop structures mainly from the left side.

42
Q

How do radial juveniles anchor to substrata?

A

Primary podia of juveniles protrude from the left side, test the substratum with cehmoreceptors, dettach from a stalk, and begin a seperate life.

43
Q

What is the most ancient and primitive echinoderm class?

A

Crinoidia.

44
Q

Are crinoidia sedentary?

A

They can be stalked or free living.

45
Q

What is the main structure of crinoidia like?

A

Cuplike, with 5 arms, and up to 200. On the side of the arms are pinnules, rows of jointed appendages.

46
Q

What is the aboral side of crinoids? How do they stand?

A

Calyx. Stands on a stalk, connected to a calyx, and on cirri in comatulids.

47
Q

Can crinoids move?

A

No, but can flex and extend., Some can crawl of cirri.

48
Q

How do crinoids feed?

A

Suspension feeding, filtration fan formed by pinnules. Podia and pinnules bear mucus secreting papillae.

49
Q

Where is the mouth and anus of crinoids?

A

Mouth is upward, as is the anus.

50
Q

What are ambulacral grooves?

A

5 grooves found in crinoids that extend peripherally from mouth to arms.

51
Q

Where are crinoid podia located?

A

Either side of pinnules.

52
Q

What mode of development do crinoids have?

A

Either brooders or lecitophores.

53
Q

Where are gametes made in crinoids?

A

In the arms.

54
Q

What is the structure of class asteroidea?

A

Star shaped, and composed of arms projecting from a central disc, 5-40.

55
Q

Where is the mouth of an asteroidea located?

A

Centre of the central disc.

56
Q

Do asteroidea have ambulacral grooves?

A

Yes.

57
Q

What can be found on the ambulacral grooves of asteroidea?

A

2-4 rows of podia.

58
Q

What is the sensory podia?

A

Found in asteroidea, is the podia found at the tip of the arm.

59
Q

Do asteroidea have pigment spots?

A

Yes.

60
Q

What is a pedicellariae in asteroidea, and what is its purpose??

A

Jaw-like appendages, a stalk surmounted by ossicles arranged to form a forceps/scissors, used to catch prey/defence.

61
Q

What are papulae of asteroidea?

A

Evaginations of epithelia and mesothelia, increasing respiratory surface area.

62
Q

Is the water vascular system of asteroidea involved in locomotion?

A

Yes, walks on podia, attaches to substrata.

63
Q

How do asteroidea podia attach to substrata?

A

Mostly chemical, some use physical.

64
Q

Do all asteroidea have podia with suckers?

A

No, some species lack them.

65
Q

The asteroidea stomach is divided in two, pyloric and cardiac. What does the pyloric chamber lead to?

A

2 pyloric caeca, digestive glands in each arm.

66
Q

What does the short intestine of asteroidea lead to?

A

Opens to 2 intestinal/rectal caeca.

67
Q

How do asteroidea digest food?

A

Move food through gut by beating cilia, not peristalsis.

68
Q

How do asteroidea eat?

A

Swallow prey whole, expell indigestibles.

Some evert their stomach, and digest extracellularly.

69
Q

How do some asteroidea evert their stomach?

A

Contract body ball, pressurising the coelomic fluid, forcing stomach out.

70
Q

page 7

A

page 7

Animal Diversity (22 decks)

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