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Animal Diversity > Lecture 8 RH - Fishes > Flashcards

Lecture 8 RH - Fishes Flashcards

1
Q

How is the nerve chord arranged in subphylum vertebra?

A

Hollow dorsal nerve chord extended anteriorly into the brain

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2
Q

What protects the brain in subphylum vertebra?

A

The cranium

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3
Q

What is the variation of notochord destination in subphylum vertebrata?

A

Basal clades’ notochord terminates at cranium

Advanced clades’ notochord is replaced by cartilaginous or bony vertebral column

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4
Q

What are the anatomical features of subphylum vertebrata?

A

Head, trunk, and post-anal tail

No atrium

Well developed ventral heart

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5
Q

What are pharyngeal clefts and what happens to them in subphylum vertebrata?

A

Gill slits

They can only be seen during embryonic stages of development.

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6
Q

What is the destination of the notochord in vertebrates?

A

vertebral column

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7
Q

What does the nerve chord connect to directly?

A

The brain

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8
Q

What did limbs rise from?

A

paired fins

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9
Q

Where did lungs arise from?

A

gills

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10
Q

What is a fish by definition?

A

Aquatic vertebrate with gills.

All vertebrates that are not tetrapods

Appendages if present in the form of fins

Scaly skin

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11
Q

How many extant species of fish are expected to exist?

A

~28k species

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12
Q

What is the most diverse vertebrate grouping?

A

Fish

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13
Q

What is the dominant animal type in aquatic environments today?

A

Fish

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14
Q

Which fish group did tetrapods arise from?

A

Sarcopterygians

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15
Q

Where did fish come from?

A

Unknown free-swimming protochords

Earliest “fish-like” vertebrates were a paraphyletic assemblage of jawless agnathan

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16
Q

What are the anatomical features of agnatha?

A

Cylindrical body

Cartilaginous skeleton

Heterocercal tail (Not symmetrical)

No paired fins. Fins have a broad base

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17
Q

What are agnatha? Examples

A

Jawless fishes such as lamprey and hagfish

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18
Q

What is the class that hagfishes are a part of?

A

Class myxini

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19
Q

Where do hagfishes typically live?

A

Marine entirely

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20
Q

What do hagfish feed on?

A

Dead or dying fishes and marine invertebrates.

Scavengers and predators and feed on whale carcasses

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21
Q

How do hagfishes attach to food?

A

keratinized plates and rasps off tissue with tongue

Ties a knot for extra leverage

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22
Q

How do hagfishes maintain osmotic concentration in marine water?

A

Body fluid concentration maintained in osmotic balance with seawater

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23
Q

What do hagfishes feel like?

A

Very slimy

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24
Q

How do hagfishes reproduce?

A

Large eggs that don’t hatch larvae

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25
Why do hagfish tie themselves into a knot when hanging onto prey?
To maintain leverage
26
What class are lampreys?
Petromyzontida
27
Where do lampreys typically live?
Marine and freshwater forms All species spawn in freshwater streams Ammocoeote larva burrows in mud for 3-7 years
28
How do parasitic lampreys attach to other fish?
using sucker-like mouth
29
How do non-parasitic lampreys eat?
They don't eat after emerging as adults from the mud and spawn before dying.
30
What is the most diverse group of vertebrates?
Jawed fishes
31
What are the 2 classes of jawed fishes?
Chondrichtyes (cartilaginous fishes) Osteichthyes (bony fishes)
32
What are the types of Chondrichtyes?
Elasmobranchs: Skates, rays, and sharks Holocephali: Chimaeras (ratfishes)
33
What are the features of chondrichthyes?
Most are marine predators Flexible cartilaginous skeleton Paired fins Placoid scales Special electrosensory organs on dorsal part of head and lateral line system
34
Do chondrichthyes have an operculum?
No
35
How do skates and rays adapt to having no operculum and living on the sea bed?
Large spiracles prevent clogging of gills
36
Why was Steve Irwin's death possible?
Stingrays have saw-toothed spines on their whip-like tail
37
How do electric rays electrocute people?
Electric organs on the side of their head
38
What is the nutrition habits of sharks?
They are predators
39
Where does the vertebral column end in sharks?
Asymmetrical heterocercal tail-vertebral column turns upwards and extends into dorsal lobe of tail
40
What is interesting about shark teeth?
Replaceable very easily
41
What are chimaeras?
Fish that have no teeth and instead have jaws with flat plates connected to them
42
How are the stomach an intestine related in ratfish (holocephali)?
Stomach infused with their intestine
43
What is holocephali spines like in appearance?
Erectile, dorsal spine, it is sometimes poisonous
44
What are osteichthyes?
Bony fish
45
What are the 2 classes of Osteichthyes?
Sarcopterygii Actinopterygii
46
What are the features of osteichthyes?
Skeleton is hardened with calcium salts = bronyl Sim bladder present for buoyancy. Often associated with digestive system and used for oxygen uptake
47
Do osteichythyes have an operculum?
Yes
48
How can sarcopterygii and actinopterygii be differentiated from each other?
sarcopterygii have very strong muscular, lobe like fins
49
How many extant species of sarcopterygii are there?
8 extant
50
Which species of sarcopterygii gave rise to tetrapods?
Rhipidistians
51
Can Australian lungfish survive outside of the water?
Not for long
52
Can protopterus (African) and Lepidosiren (South American) lungfish survive outside of the water?
They can survive for longer than Australian (Neoceratodus) lungfish.
53
Are lungfish related to tetrapods?
Yes they are the closest living relatives to tetrapods but not direct ancestors
54
Which lungfish are from Australia?
Neoceratodus
55
Which lungfish are from Africa?
Protopterus
56
Which lungfish are from South America?
Lepidosiren
57
What are the subclasses of class actinopterygii?
Chondrostei (cartilaginous, non-teleost) such as sturgeons Neopterygii (bony, non-teleost and teleost fishes)
58
Which fish are the ray-finned fishes?
Actinopterygii
59
Where is the swim bladder located relative to the digestive system?
dorsal
60
Where are the kidneys located relative to the digestive system?
dorsal
61
What are the components of the tail?
Area right before the caudal fin is known as the peduncle and is narrow and stiff which ends into a sickle shaped caudal fin.
62
What is the function of myomeres?
Important for locomotion
63
How do fish generally move?
tail pushes against water and reactive force pushes it forward. *Eel loses force due to lateral movement
64
What are the components of the scales of a fish?
Bony part Mucous gland covers bony part Epidermis covers mucous glands Dermis is deep to all other structures
65
What are the scale types seen in fishes?
Placoid scales in cartilaginous fishes. very similar to teeth Genoid scales (diamond shaped) in non-teleost bony fishes Cycloid scales (very circular and uniform) and ctenoid scales in teleost fish
66
What is the function of the swim bladder?
It is a large liver with lipid squalene which has a low density (0.86) this is important to prevent sinking when not swimming
67
Do sharks have a swim bladder?
No
68
What is the consequence of lacking a swim bladder?
Movement is more dependent on heterocercal tail and movement needs to be maintained in order to prevent sinking
69
What are the variations in swim bladder arrangement?
Bony fish have gas filled swim bladder Pelagic fish have one but tuna, abyssal fish, and bottom dwellers lack a swim bladder
70
How do teleosts maintain the amount of air in the swim bladder?
pneumatic duct connects swim bladder with oesophagus In more advanced teleosts there is no duct and air is exchanged with gases in blood. As a result it is highly vascularized and gas is secreted into bladder via gas gland. Gas gland makes blood more acidic via lactic acid
71
What are the sheets of filaments of the gills called?
lamellae
72
What type of regulators are freshwater fish?
hyperosmotic regulators
73
How do freshwater fish regulate their internal osmolarity?
They don't drink water They produce dilute urine They prevent water uptake and salt loss Epithelium of gill contains salt absorbing cells
74
How do marine fish regulate their internal environment?
Hypoosmotic Salt secreting cells in the gills (chloride cells) Salt also voided in faeces Drink seawater
75
What does catadramous mean?
Fish that spend the majority of their life in freshwater and then migrate to sea to spawn
76
What is an example of catadramous?
Freshwater Eel
77
What does anadramous mean?
Spend majority of life in the ocean, migrate upriver to freshwater to spawn
78
What is an example of an andramous fish?
salmon
79
How is age determined in fish?
Growth is measured by otolith body structure in the inner ear. Layers of calcium carbonate and gelatinous matrix form rings
80
Are teleosts mono or dioecious?
Mainly dioecious with external development and fertilization
81
Do fish eggs develop internally or externally?
most develop externally with the exception of few fish that bear live young or incubate their eggs
82
What does oviviparous?
Bearing live young

Animal Diversity (22 decks)

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