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Animal Diversity > Lecture 8 RH - Fishes > Flashcards

Lecture 8 RH - Fishes Flashcards

1
Q

How is the nerve chord arranged in subphylum vertebra?

A

Hollow dorsal nerve chord extended anteriorly into the brain

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2
Q

What protects the brain in subphylum vertebra?

A

The cranium

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3
Q

What is the variation of notochord destination in subphylum vertebrata?

A

Basal clades’ notochord terminates at cranium

Advanced clades’ notochord is replaced by cartilaginous or bony vertebral column

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4
Q

What are the anatomical features of subphylum vertebrata?

A

Head, trunk, and post-anal tail

No atrium

Well developed ventral heart

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5
Q

What are pharyngeal clefts and what happens to them in subphylum vertebrata?

A

Gill slits

They can only be seen during embryonic stages of development.

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6
Q

What is the destination of the notochord in vertebrates?

A

vertebral column

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7
Q

What does the nerve chord connect to directly?

A

The brain

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8
Q

What did limbs rise from?

A

paired fins

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9
Q

Where did lungs arise from?

A

gills

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10
Q

What is a fish by definition?

A

Aquatic vertebrate with gills.

All vertebrates that are not tetrapods

Appendages if present in the form of fins

Scaly skin

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11
Q

How many extant species of fish are expected to exist?

A

~28k species

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12
Q

What is the most diverse vertebrate grouping?

A

Fish

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13
Q

What is the dominant animal type in aquatic environments today?

A

Fish

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14
Q

Which fish group did tetrapods arise from?

A

Sarcopterygians

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15
Q

Where did fish come from?

A

Unknown free-swimming protochords

Earliest “fish-like” vertebrates were a paraphyletic assemblage of jawless agnathan

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16
Q

What are the anatomical features of agnatha?

A

Cylindrical body

Cartilaginous skeleton

Heterocercal tail (Not symmetrical)

No paired fins. Fins have a broad base

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17
Q

What are agnatha? Examples

A

Jawless fishes such as lamprey and hagfish

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18
Q

What is the class that hagfishes are a part of?

A

Class myxini

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19
Q

Where do hagfishes typically live?

A

Marine entirely

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20
Q

What do hagfish feed on?

A

Dead or dying fishes and marine invertebrates.

Scavengers and predators and feed on whale carcasses

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21
Q

How do hagfishes attach to food?

A

keratinized plates and rasps off tissue with tongue

Ties a knot for extra leverage

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22
Q

How do hagfishes maintain osmotic concentration in marine water?

A

Body fluid concentration maintained in osmotic balance with seawater

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23
Q

What do hagfishes feel like?

A

Very slimy

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24
Q

How do hagfishes reproduce?

A

Large eggs that don’t hatch larvae

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25
Q

Why do hagfish tie themselves into a knot when hanging onto prey?

A

To maintain leverage

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26
Q

What class are lampreys?

A

Petromyzontida

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27
Q

Where do lampreys typically live?

A

Marine and freshwater forms

All species spawn in freshwater streams

Ammocoeote larva burrows in mud for 3-7 years

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28
Q

How do parasitic lampreys attach to other fish?

A

using sucker-like mouth

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29
Q

How do non-parasitic lampreys eat?

A

They don’t eat after emerging as adults from the mud and spawn before dying.

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30
Q

What is the most diverse group of vertebrates?

A

Jawed fishes

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31
Q

What are the 2 classes of jawed fishes?

A

Chondrichtyes (cartilaginous fishes)

Osteichthyes (bony fishes)

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32
Q

What are the types of Chondrichtyes?

A

Elasmobranchs: Skates, rays, and sharks

Holocephali: Chimaeras (ratfishes)

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33
Q

What are the features of chondrichthyes?

A

Most are marine predators

Flexible cartilaginous skeleton

Paired fins

Placoid scales

Special electrosensory organs on dorsal part of head and lateral line system

34
Q

Do chondrichthyes have an operculum?

A

No

35
Q

How do skates and rays adapt to having no operculum and living on the sea bed?

A

Large spiracles prevent clogging of gills

36
Q

Why was Steve Irwin’s death possible?

A

Stingrays have saw-toothed spines on their whip-like tail

37
Q

How do electric rays electrocute people?

A

Electric organs on the side of their head

38
Q

What is the nutrition habits of sharks?

A

They are predators

39
Q

Where does the vertebral column end in sharks?

A

Asymmetrical heterocercal tail-vertebral column turns upwards and extends into dorsal lobe of tail

40
Q

What is interesting about shark teeth?

A

Replaceable very easily

41
Q

What are chimaeras?

A

Fish that have no teeth and instead have jaws with flat plates connected to them

42
Q

How are the stomach an intestine related in ratfish (holocephali)?

A

Stomach infused with their intestine

43
Q

What is holocephali spines like in appearance?

A

Erectile, dorsal spine, it is sometimes poisonous

44
Q

What are osteichthyes?

A

Bony fish

45
Q

What are the 2 classes of Osteichthyes?

A

Sarcopterygii

Actinopterygii

46
Q

What are the features of osteichthyes?

A

Skeleton is hardened with calcium salts = bronyl

Sim bladder present for buoyancy. Often associated with digestive system and used for oxygen uptake

47
Q

Do osteichythyes have an operculum?

A

Yes

48
Q

How can sarcopterygii and actinopterygii be differentiated from each other?

A

sarcopterygii have very strong muscular, lobe like fins

49
Q

How many extant species of sarcopterygii are there?

A

8 extant

50
Q

Which species of sarcopterygii gave rise to tetrapods?

A

Rhipidistians

51
Q

Can Australian lungfish survive outside of the water?

A

Not for long

52
Q

Can protopterus (African) and Lepidosiren (South American) lungfish survive outside of the water?

A

They can survive for longer than Australian (Neoceratodus) lungfish.

53
Q

Are lungfish related to tetrapods?

A

Yes they are the closest living relatives to tetrapods but not direct ancestors

54
Q

Which lungfish are from Australia?

A

Neoceratodus

55
Q

Which lungfish are from Africa?

A

Protopterus

56
Q

Which lungfish are from South America?

A

Lepidosiren

57
Q

What are the subclasses of class actinopterygii?

A

Chondrostei (cartilaginous, non-teleost) such as sturgeons

Neopterygii (bony, non-teleost and teleost fishes)

58
Q

Which fish are the ray-finned fishes?

A

Actinopterygii

59
Q

Where is the swim bladder located relative to the digestive system?

A

dorsal

60
Q

Where are the kidneys located relative to the digestive system?

A

dorsal

61
Q

What are the components of the tail?

A

Area right before the caudal fin is known as the peduncle and is narrow and stiff which ends into a sickle shaped caudal fin.

62
Q

What is the function of myomeres?

A

Important for locomotion

63
Q

How do fish generally move?

A

tail pushes against water and reactive force pushes it forward.

*Eel loses force due to lateral movement

64
Q

What are the components of the scales of a fish?

A

Bony part

Mucous gland covers bony part

Epidermis covers mucous glands

Dermis is deep to all other structures

65
Q

What are the scale types seen in fishes?

A

Placoid scales in cartilaginous fishes. very similar to teeth

Genoid scales (diamond shaped) in non-teleost bony fishes

Cycloid scales (very circular and uniform) and ctenoid scales in teleost fish

66
Q

What is the function of the swim bladder?

A

It is a large liver with lipid squalene which has a low density (0.86) this is important to prevent sinking when not swimming

67
Q

Do sharks have a swim bladder?

A

No

68
Q

What is the consequence of lacking a swim bladder?

A

Movement is more dependent on heterocercal tail and movement needs to be maintained in order to prevent sinking

69
Q

What are the variations in swim bladder arrangement?

A

Bony fish have gas filled swim bladder

Pelagic fish have one but tuna, abyssal fish, and bottom dwellers lack a swim bladder

70
Q

How do teleosts maintain the amount of air in the swim bladder?

A

pneumatic duct connects swim bladder with oesophagus

In more advanced teleosts there is no duct and air is exchanged with gases in blood. As a result it is highly vascularized and gas is secreted into bladder via gas gland.

Gas gland makes blood more acidic via lactic acid

71
Q

What are the sheets of filaments of the gills called?

A

lamellae

72
Q

What type of regulators are freshwater fish?

A

hyperosmotic regulators

73
Q

How do freshwater fish regulate their internal osmolarity?

A

They don’t drink water

They produce dilute urine

They prevent water uptake and salt loss

Epithelium of gill contains salt absorbing cells

74
Q

How do marine fish regulate their internal environment?

A

Hypoosmotic

Salt secreting cells in the gills (chloride cells)

Salt also voided in faeces

Drink seawater

75
Q

What does catadramous mean?

A

Fish that spend the majority of their life in freshwater and then migrate to sea to spawn

76
Q

What is an example of catadramous?

A

Freshwater Eel

77
Q

What does anadramous mean?

A

Spend majority of life in the ocean, migrate upriver to freshwater to spawn

78
Q

What is an example of an andramous fish?

A

salmon

79
Q

How is age determined in fish?

A

Growth is measured by otolith body structure in the inner ear.

Layers of calcium carbonate and gelatinous matrix form rings

80
Q

Are teleosts mono or dioecious?

A

Mainly dioecious with external development and fertilization

81
Q

Do fish eggs develop internally or externally?

A

most develop externally with the exception of few fish that bear live young or incubate their eggs

82
Q

What does oviviparous?

A

Bearing live young

Animal Diversity (22 decks)

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