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Lecture 7 RH Flashcards

1
Q

What distinguishes echinoderms from other invertebrates?

A

embryology (deutrostome rather than protostome)

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2
Q

What is the difference between protostomes and deutrostomes?

A

type of cleavage

fate of blastopore

ontogeny of coelom

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3
Q

What is the difference between cleavage of protostomes and deutrostomes?

A

Protostomes: Spiral and determinate.

Developmental fate of embryonic cells is rigidly determined early.

Each cell from a 4-cell embryo could form a quarter of a non-viable organism.

Deutrostomes:

Cleavage is radial and indeterminate.

Planes of cell division parallel or perpendicular to vertical axis of embryo

Each cell of early embryo can develop into a complete embryo

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4
Q

What does determinate cleavage mean?

A

particular types of cells can only become particular types of organs

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5
Q

Which organisms undergo schizocely? What is it?

A

Protostomes, separation of solid mass of mesodermal cells

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6
Q

Which organisms undergo enterocely? What is it?

A

Deutrostomes, mesoderm buds from wall of embryonic archenteron and hollows to become coelomic cavities

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7
Q

What is an archenteron?

A

Gut

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8
Q

What are the features of echinoderms?

A

Loss of gill slits

pentaradiality

Major group of invertebrate deutrostomes

Homogenous species of 7k living and 20k extinct species,

All are marine

endoskeleton of stereom ossicles and calcareous plates

Unique mutable connective tissue

Water vascular system; unique system of hydraulic canals branching into extensions called tube feet/podia

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9
Q

What are the classes of living echinoderms?

A

Asteroidea (sea-stars)

Ophiurodea (brittle stars)

Echinoidea (sea-urchins)

Crinoidea (comatulids and sea lilies)

Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)

Concentricycloidea (sea daisies)

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10
Q

What is the type of symmetry that echinoderms exhibit?

A

pentamerous radial symmetry in postmetamorphic echinoderms

Premetamorphic echinoderms are generally bilaterally symmetrical

Several fossil species are asymmetric bilateral or even trimerous

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11
Q

What is the composition of the calcareous skeleton?

A

High Mg Calcite developing from mesoderm (unique in invertebrates) and thus located in body wall.

Ossicles are totally different from shells. Actually, the skelton of an echinoderm is covered by epidermis and cuticle

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12
Q

What is the water vascular system like?

A

Formed by canals located in or close to the body wall

Lined with ciliated epithelium and filled with fluid

Entire W.V.S filled with fluid similar to sea-waterbut contains coelomocytes, proteins, and high K+ concentrations

Ring canal surrounds oesophagus and mouth

2 types of organs may be attached to ring canal: Tiedmann’s bodies
Polian vesicles

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13
Q

Where does the water come from in the water vascular system?

A

Sieve plate opens to the sea water and fluid of Water Vascular System flows in through here

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14
Q

What is the function of Tiedmann’s bodies?

A

Defence function

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15
Q

What is the function of Polian

A

fluid storage in ampulla

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16
Q

What are the components of the water vascular system?

A

Vertical canal extends from ring to aboral ossicle

5 radial canals extend from ring canal to tips of arms

Lateral canals arise from radial canals on each side in an alternating fashion. Lateral canals have valves which terminate in an ampulla and a podium.

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17
Q

Where is the ampulla located?

A

Within the general coelom

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18
Q

Where are muscles located?

A

Muscle fibers lie in the wall of podia and ampulla

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19
Q

What is the function of muscles in echinoderms?

A

Ampulla contracts and podium relaxes to extend

Podium contracts and ampulla relaxes to force internal fluid back into ampulla to retract

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20
Q

What is the function of podia in echinoderms?

A

Podia take part in feeding, burrowing, locomotion, sensory perception, and respiration

In some phyla a single type of podium fulfills different function in others different types of podia coexist each with their own function

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21
Q

What is meant when it is said that echinoderms have mutable connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue have a unique ability to change stuffness according to conditions

Transition from rigid to flexible state is dramatic and has functional importance

Softening of tissue in some parts of an arm makes its loss easy when seized by a predator while the rest of the animal escapes (depolymerization in tissue)

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22
Q

Are echinoderms mono or dioecious?

A

Most echinoderms have separate sexes

Some brittle stars and sea cucumbers are hermaphroditic

All have external fertilization

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23
Q

How does echinoderm fertilization occur?

A

Externally

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24
Q

How do echinoderms develop?

A

Homolecithal egg undergoes radial and indeterminate cleavage. Blastula is ciliated and contains a large blastocoel. Cells from vegetal pole divide before invagination from blastocoel.

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25
What are the types of larvae of echinoderms?
Plantotrophic larvae (feed on plankton) Lecitotrophic larvae (use yolk as a source of nutrition) Brooded larvae (Pre-metamporphic development in invagination of mother's body wall)
26
How many echinoderm species have lecitotrophic larvae?
About 50% of echinoderm species have lecitotrophic larvae
27
What do lecitotrophic larvae feed on?
Nothing they develop to metamorphosis. They depend on yolk to grow.
28
What is the consequence of having lecitotrophic larvae?
Dispersion is limited
29
What is planktotrophic larval development like?
Gastrula hatches from fertilisation membrane Diplopleura is bilateral Ciliated band surrounds mouth and captures food particles Different types of larval development occurs in different echinoderm classes
30
What are the types of echinoderm larvae?
Bipinnaria Brachiolaria Ophioplutius Echinopluteus Auricularia Dollolaria
31
What do echinoid and ophiuroid larvae develop into?
Long slender projections each containing a skeletal rod (pluteus larvae)
32
What kind of larvae do asteroid and holothuroid produce?
short armed larvae
33
What kind of larvae do crinoids produce?
No projections and it is lecitotrophic
34
What is metamorphosis?
Dramatic change in morphology
35
What is the metamorphosis of echinoderms like?
Bilateral larva into radial juvenile Juvenile structures develop from left side of larvae Primary podia of juvenile protrude from left side, test substratum with chemoreceptor cells on podia Animal detaches from a stalk and begins a separate life
36
What is the diversity of class crinoida like?
Most ancient forms Attached stalked crinoids were abundant in paleozoic era; 80 species exist today Free-living crinoids (order comatulida) are more abundant with 550 species in indo-pacific and polar waters
37
What features does the external structure of crinoidea have?
Main body structure (cuplike) with 5 (often branched) arms. On sides of arms is a row of jointed appendages called pinnules. Aboral side contains a calyx Stands on stalk connected to calyx in sea lilies and on cirri
38
How do crinoidea move around?
Flexion via flexor muscles which change connective tissue to soft state. Extension undergoes the opposite changes Bending is not the only motion that crinoids do Stalked crinoids crawl on cirri
39
What do crinoids eat?
Suspension feeders using a filtration fan formed by pinnules of arms oriented generally at right angle to current, they increase available area. Podia on pinnules bear mucus-secreting papillae Oral surface directed upward, anus opens on same surface of mouth on top of anal cone 5 ambulacral grooves extend peripherally from mouth and extend into arms Podia are located on each side of pinnules
40
How do crinoids develop?
Either brooders (antarctica) or lecitotrophic Gametes are produced in the arms Non-feeding doliolaria is barrel-shaped with apical sensory tuft and ciliary girdles Attaches by adhesive gland Metamorphosis forms stalked crinoid In cromatulids cirri develop and the crown breaks free in water column
41
What are features of class asteroidea?
Star-shaped species that have become a symbol of sea life Body composed of arms projecting from central disk Usually 5 arms but some have many more
42
What are the features of external asteroid structures?
Mouth in center of underside disk Wide furrow (ambulacral groove) extends from mouth radially to each arm Each groove contains 2/4 rows of podia Podia on tip of each arm: sensory podia Pigment spot (light sensitive)
43
What are pedicellariae and what is their function?
Catching jaw-like appendages of 2 important orders of asteroids Consist of a stalk surmounted by ossicles arranged to form forceps or scissors Can be used for protection against larvae settlement or to catch prey
44
What is the function of papulae in asteroids?
Evaginations of epithelium and mesothelium Increase respiratory surface made up of podia
45
What types of pedicellariae are there?
Forceps-type Spinous Scissors type Tridactyl-type Globiferous-type
46
How do asteroids move around?
Water vascular system plays a major role Asteroids walk n their podia that attach to substratum Adhesion is largely chemical but physical adhesion (suckers) is also used by some species Podia of some species lack suckers
47
How do asteroids feed?
Mouth opens in center of oral face Mouth leads to stomach divided into cardiac and pyloric chambers Pyloric chamber opens into 2 pylorice caeca in each arm Short intestine opens into 2 intestinal caeca Digested material
48
How does digestion happen in primitive asteroids?
Prey is swallowed whole and indigestible material is cast out of the mouth
49
What are the adaptations of soft-bottom asteroids?
Podia designed to bury To locate buried prey they dig down into substratum
50
How do modern asteroids digest prey?
Extra orally. Muscles push the stomach out using pressure of coelomic fluid and the stomach moves through mouth to the outside. The stomach is then retracted with digested material
51
What is the role of asteroids in benthic ecosystems?
Predator asteroids moderate competitions among preys thereby increasing diversity Predation reduces density of a strong competitor allowing weaker competitors to persist in a community
52
What does the crown of thorns starfish feed on?
Coral polyps.
53
How are algal blooms related to the crown of thorns starfish?
When dry period of several years is followed by heavy rain algal blooms result from runoff of nutrients. Blooms coincide with high crown of thorn population densities
54
What are the modes of reproduction of asteroids?
Arm can form a complete organism (asexual reproduction) Sexual reproduction maintains diversity. Dioecious with 2 gonads each arm
55
What are the features of sea daisies?
They are asteroids Less than 1cm Pentaradial without arms Podia lie around the margin not along the ambulacral grooves
56
What are the features of class ophiuroids?
Brittle stars and basket stars 5 long, slender, sometimes spiny, or branched arms Arms more sharply set off central disk than asteroids No ambulacral groove Arms have a solid construction by presence of vertebrae
57
How do ophiuroids move?
Central canal protected by oral shield Podia without suckers Center oral disk occupied by modified ossicles that form jaw teeth Madreporite on oral face no anus Podia play little role in locomotion Ophiuroids move by pulling themselves along with 2 arms Ophiuroids can coil their arms
58
How do ophiuroids feed?
Filter feeding: particles are trapped into bolus by podia and transferred to mid-oral line of arm and mouth via podia. Deposit feeding: particles collected on sea bottom are collected by podia and transferred to mouth Scavengers, carnivores: Large particles swept into mouth by looping motion of arm Browsing on algae using teeth
59
Which echinoderms are bioluminescent?
ophiuroids (extensively studied) asteroids crinoids holothurians
60
How is bio-luminescence controlled?
Under nervous control in response to external stimuli. research suggest that acetylcholine and neuropeptides specific to echinoderms are involved as neurotransmitters in the control of bioluminescence
61
What are the features of class echinoids?
no arms, body shape is circular or oval Movable spines Radial symmetry modified to secondary bilateral symmetry in burrowing species Ossicles are flattened and sutured together into a solid case, the test
62
Examples of class echinoidea:
sea-urchins heart-urchins sand dollars
63
What are the features of sand dollars?
Flattened body displaying circular circumference Adaptation to burrowing and covering and has modified spines Mouth located centrally Periproct on oral face Some species with opening in test: lunules
64
What is aristotle's lantern of sea-urchins and sand dollars?
scraping structure which has 5 calcareous plates and 5 teeth. It is moved by muscles, lantern protruded and retracted through the mouth Teeth can be opened and closed by muscle contraction Graze on algae and sea grasses as well as other organic material inferior part of lantern contains the pharynx
65
What are the features of heart urchins?
Small spines adapted for locomotion and burrowing in sediments. Oval-sha[ed body, oral surface flattened, aboral surface complex Several species harbour symbiotic sulfide-oxidizing bacteria in digestive tract to allow for burrowing under ocean floor despite the high H2S composition
66
What are features of class holothuroidea?
No arms Elongated shape Lie with side of the body, rather than oral pole, against substratum. hence only 3 rows of feet are developed Skeleton reduced to microscopic ossicles Buccal podia modified into tentacles
67
What is the type of symmetry of holothuridians?
Secondary bilateral
68
How do holothuridians move?
Contraction of longitudinal and circular muscles in the body wall
69
What does the coelom do in holothuridians?
fluid-filled and acts as a hydrostatic skeleton
70
What are the oral tentacles of holothuridians modified into?
Modified tube feet
71
What organism has a respiratory tree and what is its function?
sea cucumbers, respiratory tree functions in both respiration and excretion
72
What do holothuridians eat?
Suspended particles or deposits on deep-sea ocean floor
73
How do holothuridians reproduce?
Sexes are separate some are hermaphroditic
74
What are adaptations that some echinoderms have to their environment?
Bottom dwelling Filter-feeding, deposit feeding, scavenging, herbivorous feeding, carnivorous feeding Predatory success is due to their use of hydraulic mechanism of feet
75
What are the subphyla of phylum chordata?
urochordata (have a tail) cephalochordata (head like structure) vertebra (craniata)
76
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Animal Diversity (22 decks)

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