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Animal Diversity > Lecture 8 RH - Mammals > Flashcards

Lecture 8 RH - Mammals Flashcards

1
Q

What organ is common to all mammals?

A

Mammary glands

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2
Q

What are the general characteristics of mammals?

A

Hair as body covering

Integument with sweat, scent, sebaceous, and mammary glands

Structure of skull and skeleton

Diphyodont teeth - milk or deciduous teeth replaced by permanent teeth

Heterodont teeth - Different types

Lower jaw is made up of single dentary bone

Secondary palate that separates nasal cavity from buccal cavity

Brain highly developed with large cerebral cortex

4 chambered heart

Left aorta

Non-nucleated biconcave red blood cells

Diaphragm divides body into thorax and abdomen

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3
Q

What is lower jaw made up of in mammals?

A

Single dentary bone

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4
Q

What is the function of the secondary palate?

A

Separates nasal cavity from buccal cavity

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5
Q

What does the brain of mammals look like?

A

Highly developed with large cerebral cortex

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6
Q

Do mammals have a cloaca?

A

Only monotremes. The rest of mammals have separate anal and urinary openings

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7
Q

Are mammals mono or dioecious?

A

Dioecious

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8
Q

What is the copulatory organ of mammals?

A

Penis

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9
Q

Is fertilization internal in all mammals?

A

Yes

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10
Q

What are the foetal membranes in mammals?

A

Amnion

Chorion

Allantois

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11
Q

What are the 3 major groups of amniotes?

A

Anapsid: Solid skull (turtles and ancestors)

Synapsid: Pair of openings in roof of skull for jaw muscle attachments (led to mammals)

Diapsid: 2 pairs of openings in skull roof (dinosaurs, reptiles, birds)

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12
Q

What are monotremes?

A

Mammals that lay eggs; eg platypus

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13
Q

Which mammals have only survived in Australia?

A

Marsupials and monotremes have only survived in Australia

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14
Q

What is hair composed of?

A

keratin

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15
Q

What other structures are composed of the same component as hair?

A

Nails, horns, claws, hooves, and feathers

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16
Q

Do mammals moult?

A

Periodically 2 coats - summer and winter coats

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17
Q

What is the purpose of moulting?

A

Camouflage

Sensory hairs

Spiny armour in porcupines, echidnas

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18
Q

What are true horns of sheep and cattle made of?

A

Sheaths of keratinized epidermis

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19
Q

What are antlers of deer made of?

A

Solid bone branched

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20
Q

How do antlers develop?

A

Beneath vascular velvet skin and they decline after rutting season as hormones decline

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21
Q

What is rhino horn made of?

A

Hairlike keratinized filaments and is used for chinese medicine driving it to near extinction

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22
Q

What is interesting about antelope horns?

A

They shed annually

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23
Q

What is rhino horn used for?

A

Chinese medicine

As an aphrodisiac

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24
Q

What are the types of sweat glands?

A

Eccrine glands produce sweat to cool skin

Apocrine glands open to hair follicle. Milky fluids - activity is correlated to reproductive cycle

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25
What are scent glands used for?
Social activity such as marking territory Mating scents to attract opposite sex
26
What is the function of sebaceous glands?
Produce sebum which keep skin pliable and glossy
27
Do monotremes have nipples?
No
28
What happens to metabolism in smaller animals compared to larger animals?
Metabolic rate/gram of body weight is a lot higher in smaller animals
29
What is the cost of migration?
Very energetically expensive
30
What is an example of a mammal that migrates?
Caribou migrate from Canada and Alaska and vice versa from Winter feeding grounds to summer breeding grounds in Canada
31
Where do seals migrate to and from?
Pribilof Islands in summer and Autumn. Males arrive from the South where they live during Winter and Spring. Females arrive from the Southeast near Alaska
32
How does echolocation in bats work?
Ultrasonic high frequency pulses. Echo is received by large ears
33
How are mammals classified into subclasses and infraclasses?
Reproduction
34
What are the types of reproduction in mammals?
Prototherians: Egg laying oviparous mammals Metatherians: Pouched viviparous mammals Eutherians: Placental viviparous mammals
35
How many orders does subclass prototheria have?
1; only the monotremes
36
How many orders does subclass theria have?
Infraclass metatheria has 7 orders of marsupials Infraclass eutheria has 21 orders of placentals
37
How many species of monotremes are there?
5 species: Duck-billed platypus 4 kinds of spiny anteater
38
What are the features of monotremes?
All lay eggs and suckle young
39
Where are individuals of infraclass metatheria located?
Most of the species are native to Australia and nearby Islands Only opossums are found in North America
40
How do metatherians develop?
Young are born in an undeveloped state and complete development in a permanent pouch on mother
41
How long is the gestation period in Kangaroos?
33 days
42
How many young do kangaroos typically get at one time?
3
43
What happens to fertilized embryos when another joey is suckling within the pouch?
Embryos that are fertilized are in diapause
44
What is the placenta composed of?
Maternal and fetal tissues; nourishes foetus, delivers oxygen, removes wastes
45
Which develop quicker marsupials or placental mammals?
Placental mammals
46
What are the types of mating systems?
Promiscuous: Male makes little contribution: mate with any receptive female Monogamous: Male mates with only one female at a time makes significant parental investment Polygamous: Commonest in mammals. Group is dominated by one or several males that have exclusive mating privileges with all receptive females in group Polyandry: Rare in mammals. Female has several male mates simultaneously
47
What are the orders of eutherians?
Rodentia (rodents) Chiroptera (bats) Soricomorpa (shrews and moles, insect eaters) Primates Carnivora Artiodactyla (even-toed hoofed animals)
48
How are mammalian orders grouped?
Specialists don't agree on how to group the numerous eutherian orders Cladogram based on analysis of 104 cranial characters developed in 1986 Jaws and cranial characters are related to the type of diet and development of brain
49
What is the superorder that contains insectivores?
Xenarthra
50
What are the orders of insectivorous mammals?
Pilosa: contains suborder folivora (sloths) andsuborder Vermilingua (anteaters) Cingulata - armadillos
51
What are the features of xenarthra?
Many equipped with strong claws to tear open termite and ant nests Long and sticky tongue Order pholidota: contains pangolins or scaly anteaters of Africa and Southeastern Asia
52
What are pholidote scales made of?
Hairs that are cemented together
53
What are features of order tubulidentata?
Large claws, pointed snout, peg shaped cheek teeth. Enamel has been lost but teeth do not wear out because they grow continuously
54
What is an example of a tubulidentata?
Aardvark
55
What order are hedgehogs, shrews, and moles a part of?
Soricomorpha
56
What ancestral features are retained by insectivorous mammals?
Relatively small brain Limb structure is primitive Five clawed toes Dental formula primitive
57
What is the dental formula of insectivores?
I 3/3 C1/1 Pm 4/4 M 3/3
58
What are the adaptations of teeth in carnivorous mammals?
Large canines Cusps on last upper premolar and first lower molar enlarged and moved into the same plane to form a set of carnassial teeth well adapted for slicing through meat
59
Why do carnivore jaws lock onto each other?
Jaws are hinged to close like a pair of scissors
60
What do sea lions, seals and walruses feed on?
Sea lions, seals and walruses live in the ocean and feed on fish or molluscs.
61
What are adaptive features of carnivores?
Terrestrial forms have developed claws, and a limb structure for rapid running to catch prey. Foot posture is evolved into a digitigrade type -stand on toes with the rest of the goot raised off the ground like a sprinter
62
Where do sea lions, seals, and walruses breed?
They return to land for breeding
63
What have limbs of sea lions, walruses, and seals evolved into?
Flippers
64
What are the adaptations of aquatic mammals to life in the water?
Fish shaped body Hind limbs embedded in body wall Pectoral flippers for steering and balancing Powerful tail fluke or fin used to propel animal
65
What are some examples of toothed whales?
Killer whales Dolphins Porpoises Sperm whales
66
What do toothed whales feed on?
Fish and other large marine animals
67
How do toothed whales navigate?
High frequency echolocation
68
What are some examples of baleen whales?
Humpback whale Blue whale Rodwan Halimi
69
What is the function of songs of whales?
Finding a mate
70
What is the method of feeding of balleen whales?
horny plates hang down from palate and strains small invertebrates and other plankton as food
71
What are the adaptations that herbivorous mammals have?
Change in dentition to grind plant matter In some groups ofherbivorous mammals the premolars assume the form of molars to make an effective battery of crushing and grinding teeth Jaw is hinged to bring teeth together at the same time Fore and aft and sideways movement of jaws is possible
72
What do bunodont molars look like in primitive herbivores and omnivores?
Square or rectangular crown, four primary rounded cusps on each molar
73
What do bunodont molars look like in more advanced herbivores?
High crowned teeth Teeth resistant to wear
74
What do lophodont molars look like?
Pattern of ridges and crests
75
What do selenodont molars look like?
pattern of crescents

Animal Diversity (22 decks)

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