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general bio 2024 > lecture 9 > Flashcards

lecture 9 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cell division

A
  • the continuity of life is based on it
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2
Q

what distinguishes living things from nonliving matter?

A

the ability of organisms to reproduce best

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3
Q

roles of cell division

A
  • reproduction
  • growth and development
  • tissue renewal
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4
Q

two types of cell division

A
  • mitosis
  • meiosis
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5
Q

mitosis

A
  • results in identical body cells
  • occurs during growth and repair
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6
Q

meiosis

A
  • gives rise to gametes (sperm and eggs) that have half the number of chromosomes as the original cell
  • for reproduction
  • nuclear division for the formation of haploid reproductive cells in 2n organisms
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7
Q

chromosome

A
  • combination of a DNA molecule and specialized proteins called histones
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8
Q

how many chromosome in humans?

A

23 pairs so 46

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9
Q

how do we make sure cells get equal numbers of chromosomes after cell division?

A

mitosis

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10
Q

cell cycle

A
  • G1 (first gap)
  • G1 checkpoint
  • S (DNA synthesis)
  • G2 (second gap)
  • G2 checkpoint
  • M (mitosis and cytokinesis/meiosis)
  • Metaphase checkpoint
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11
Q

G1 checkpoint (cell cycle)

A
  • cell size is adequate
  • nutrients are sufficient
  • social signals are present
  • DNA is undamaged
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12
Q

G2 checkpoint (cell cycle)

A
  • chromosomes have replicated successfully
  • DNA is undamaged
  • activated MPF is present
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13
Q

Metaphase checkpoint (cell cycle)

A
  • all chromosomes are attached to spindle apparatus
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14
Q

unreplicated chromosome

A
  • consists of a single, long DNA double helix wrapped around proteins
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15
Q

replicated chromosome

A
  • consists of two copies of the same chromosome
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16
Q

condensed replicated chromosome

A
  • consists of DNA condensed around its associated proteins
  • results in a compact chromotomes that is 10 000 times shorter than the og length
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17
Q

mitosis phases

A
  1. interphase
  2. prophase
  3. prometaphase
  4. metaphase
  5. anaphase
  6. telophase
  7. cytokinesis
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18
Q
  1. interphase (mitosis)
A
  • after chromosome replication, each chromosome is composed of 2 sister chromatids
  • centrosomes have replicated
19
Q
  1. prophase (mitosis)
A
  • chromosome condense
  • spindle apparatus begins to form
20
Q
  1. prometaphase (mitosis)
A
  • nuclear envelope breaks down
  • microtubule contact chromosomes
21
Q
  1. metaphase (mitosis)
A
  • chromosomes complete migration to middle of cell
22
Q
  1. anaphase (mitosis)
A
  • sister chromatids separate/pulled to opposite poles of the cell
23
Q
  1. telophase
A
  • nuclear envelope reforms
  • spindle apparatus disintegrates
  • cytokinesis begins
24
Q

what happens when cell division begins? (mitosis)

A
  • actin-myosin ring causes the plasma membrane to begin pinching in
25
Q

what happens when cell division is complete? (mitosis)

A

two daughter cells form

26
Q

middle of the cell (metaphase-mitosis)

A

metaphase plate or equatorial plate

27
Q

cytokinesis

A
  • begins in telophase
  • ring of proteins (actin-myosin ring) pinch the cell in two
  • forms the cleavage furrow
  • makes 2 diploid daughter from 1 diploid cell
28
Q

cleavage furrow

A

forming split between the nuclei in cytokinesis

29
Q

plant cells

A
  • mitosis in plants is similar (no centrioles)
  • major diffrence is cytokinesis
  • cells can’t pinch in half like animal cells
  • daughter cells are separated by a cell plate
  • cell plate begins at center and proceeds to cell membrane
30
Q

apoptosis

A
  • programmed cell death
  • if error at cell checkpoint not fixed
31
Q

purpose of cell cycle checkpoints

A
  • no good reason to make a copy of a damaged cell
  • cancer prevention
32
Q

cancerous cell

A
  • one that multiplies out of control
  • checkpoints are ignored
  • lose ability to respond to the regulatory system
  • divide uncontrollably and indefinitely
  • stop performing their specialized function in the organism
33
Q

mutations

A
  • can occur during DNA replication, recombination or repair
34
Q

mutagens

A
  • can be physical or chemical agents
  • changed the genetic info (usually DNA) of an organism
  • increases the frequency of mutations
  • anything that can bring about a mutation in DNA
35
Q

cancer

A

disease of the cell characterized by excessive cell growth and division

36
Q

benign tumour

A
  • mass of cells that do not invade neighbouring tissues
  • may grow very large
  • do not impair functionning of organs
37
Q

malignant tumours

A
  • mass of cells that invade neighbouring tissues
  • creates metastases
  • impair functioning of one or more organs
38
Q

metastasis

A
  • release of cancerous cells into the blood stream
  • leads to tumour formation in other areas of the body
39
Q

2 main cancer treatments

A
  • radiotherapy
  • chemotherapy
40
Q

radiotherapy

A
  • use of ionization for local treatment of tumour
  • can be used as primary or secondary treatment
  • depends on size, location and stage of tumour
41
Q

radiotherapy side effects

A
  • dmage to treated areas (redness, swelling, dryness)
42
Q

chemotherapy

A
  • releasing cytotoxic substances intravenously (usually) in order to inhibit rapidly dividing cells
  • affect other actively dividing cells of the body
43
Q

chemotherapy side effects

A
  • hair loss
  • low WBC/RBC/platelet count
  • reduced immunity
  • nausea & vomiting
  • fatigue

general bio 2024 (22 decks)

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