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general bio 2024 > lecture 17 > Flashcards

lecture 17 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Phylogeny

A
  • Evolutionary history of relationships among organisms or their genes
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2
Q

Phylogenetic tree

A
  • Portrayal of phylogeny in a diagram
  • each split or node represents the point at which lineages diverged
    -The common ancestor of all organisms in the tree is the root
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3
Q

Timing of divergence (phylogenetic tree)

A

Shown by the position of modes on a time or divergence axis

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4
Q

Lineages (phylogenetic tree)

A
  • Can be rotated around nodes
  • vertical order of taxa is arbitrary
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5
Q

Taxon

A
  • plural: taxa
  • any group of species that we designate or name (ex.:vertebrates)
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6
Q

Clade

A

Taxon that consists of all the descendants of a common ancestor

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7
Q

Homologous

A
  • Similarity of parts or organs of different organisms
  • caused by evolutionary derivation from a corresponding part or organ in a remote ancestor
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8
Q

Analogous

A
  • Similarity of parts or organs of different organisms
  • not of same origin
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9
Q

Homologous features (synapomorphies

A

Features shared by 2 or none species that were inherited from a common ancestor

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10
Q

Result of divergent evolution

A

Derived traits that differ from the ancestral traits

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11
Q

Ancestral trait

A

Trait that is present in the ancestor of a group

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12
Q

Analogies (homoplasies)

A
  • Similarities between different species due to adaptation to a similar behavior or habitat
  • NOT derived from common ancestor
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13
Q

When do analogies occur?

A

When natural selection favors similar solutions to the problems posed by a similar way of living

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14
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Independently evolved traits subjected to similar selection pressures may become superficially similar

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15
Q

Constructing a phylogenetic tree (assumption to make?)

A
  • Assume:
    no convergent evolution
    No derived traits have been lost
  • using a lot of traits
  • morphological, fossil, developmental and molecular and behavioural data is used
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16
Q

Ingroup (phylogenetic tree)

A

Group of primary interest

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17
Q

Outgroup (phylogenetic tree)

A
  • Compared to the ingroup
  • closely related species or group known to be phylogenetically outside the group of interest
18
Q

How to know which traits of the ingroup are derived and which are ancestral?

A

If the outgroup is known to have diverged

19
Q

Parsimony principle

A
  • Simplest explanation of observed data is the preferred explanation
  • minimizes the number of evolutionary changes that must be assumed (the fewest homoplasies)
20
Q

Occam’s razor

A

The best explanation fits the data with the fewest assumptions

21
Q

Morphological data

A
  • Features of the steeletal system in vertebrates
  • floral structures in plants
22
Q

Limitations of morphological data

A
  • Some taxa show few morphological differences
  • difficult to compare distantly related species
  • some are caused by environment
23
Q

Developmental data

A

Similarities in development patterns may reveal evolutionary relationships

24
Q

Paleontology (fossils)

A
  • provide info on morphology of past organisms (and where and when they lived)
  • help determine derived and ancestral traits, and when lineages diverged
25
Q

Limitations of fossils (paleontology)

A

Fragmentary and missing for some groups

26
Q

Behavior

A
  • Can be inherited or culturally transmitted
  • bird songs not useful (lalarned)
  • frog calls useful (genetically determine)
27
Q

Molecular data

A
  • DNA sequences very useful for constructing phylogenetic trees
  • mitochondrial nuclear and chloroplaste DNA is used
    -Gene product info (Amino acid sequences) also used
28
Q

Binomial nomenclature

A
  • Gives every species a unique name
  • genus + species name
29
Q

Classification of organisms (level)

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

30
Q

T’axons

A

Groupe of organisme chat is treated as u unit - sucs as a genus , or all insects

31
Q

What are genera grouped into?

A

Families

32
Q

Suffix of names of animal families

A

Idae

33
Q

Plant family names end…

A

Aceae

34
Q

On what are family names based on?

A

On the name of a member genus

35
Q

What are biological classifications used for?

A

Evolutionary relationships of organisms

36
Q

Monophyletic group

A
  • Taxas are
  • one taxon contains an ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor, and no other organisms.
  • taxon is a clade
37
Q

Polyphyletic

A

A group that does not include its common ancestor

38
Q

Paraphyletic

A

A group that does not include all descendants of a common ancestor

39
Q

True Clade or monophyletic group

A

Can be removed from the tree by making a single cut

40
Q

Half-life

A

Time interval over which one half of the remaining radioisotopes decays, changing into another element

41
Q

Why can’t sedimentary rocks be dated accurately?

A

The materials that form the rocks existed for varying lengths of time before being transported and converted to rock

general bio 2024 (22 decks)

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