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general bio 2024 > lecture 7 > Flashcards

lecture 7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

where do cells come from?

A

from other cells

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2
Q

cell theory

A
  • first unifying theory of biology
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3
Q

membrane proteins

A
  • embedded whithin the framework of the phospholipid molecules
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4
Q

cells

A
  • fundamental units of life
  • all organism are composed of them
  • simplest collection of matter that can live
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4
Q

membrane proteins functions

A
  • transporting substances accross the membrane
  • serving as enzymes to catalyze specific reactions within the cell
  • providing cell structure, creater the cytoskeleton
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5
Q

advantages of small cells

A
  • efficient uptake of oxygen
  • waste products are released (must be removed from cell)
  • exchanges food, gases, nutrients takes place thru cell surface
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6
Q

why are cells small?

A
  • metabolic requirements (need for substances to cross the plasma membrane)
  • surface area to volume ratio is critical
  • small cells have a greater surface area relative to their volume
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7
Q

what happens when a size is larger?

A
  • volume increases at a greater rate than the surface area
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8
Q

volume in a cell

A

determines the amount of chemical activity

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9
Q

surface area in a cell

A

determines the amount of substances that can pass the cell boundary per unit time

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10
Q

basic features of the cell

A
  • plasma membrane
  • cytosol
  • DNA within chromosomes (carry genes)
  • ribosome (makes protein)
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11
Q

cytosol

A
  • semifluid substance in the cell
  • aqueous part within the cel where the organelles are dound
  • where metabolism occurs
  • high concentration of protein = gelatinous fluid
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12
Q

cytoplasm

A

cytosol and organelles in the cytosol

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13
Q

ribosome

A
  • found in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and floating free in the cytosol of the cell
  • where proteins are synthesized
  • mRNA is threaded through to read and produce chains of amino acids so proteins
  • no membrane so not a organelle
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14
Q

prokaryotic cells (domains)

A
  • bacteria
  • archaea
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15
Q

prokaryotic cells (characteristics)

A
  • no nucleus
  • DNA in nucleoid
  • no membrane bound organelles
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16
Q

nucleiod

A

unbound region where DNA is found in a prokaryotic cell

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17
Q

eukaryotic cells

A
  • up to 10 x larger than prokaryotes¸
  • have a nucleus (contains chromosomes)
  • have organelles
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18
Q

eukaryotic cells (domain)

A
  • animals
  • plants
  • fungus
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19
Q

nuclear membrane/enveloppe

A
  • membrane that separates the nucleau from the cytoplasm
  • double membrane = 2 phospholipid bilayers
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20
Q

nuclear pores

A

envelope control the passe of molecules to and from the nucleus

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21
Q

nuclear lamina

A
  • on the side of the nuclear envelope
  • network of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus
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22
Q

nucleolus

A
  • dark part inside the nucleus where chromosomes are producing ribosomal RNA
  • ribosome are assembled here
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23
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • account for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells
  • literal translation: inside formed network
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24
Q

ER membrane

A

continuous with the nuclear envelope

25
Q

2 kinds of endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • rough (with ribosome)
  • smooth (without ribosomes)
26
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum (structure)

A
  • region of the ER that is studded with ribosomes
27
Q

lumen

A

interior of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

28
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum (function)

A
  • synthesis of proteins to be secreted by the cell
  • proteins are synthesized by ribosome
  • new proteins are folded, processed and packages in the lumen
29
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (structure)

A
  • no ribosome
30
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (function)

A
  • synthesis of fatty acids and phospholipids
  • produces enxymes that breakdown poisonous molecules (like alcohol)
  • contains a supply of ca2+
31
Q

golgi apparatus (structure)

A
  • formed of stacked flat membranous sacs called cisternae
32
Q

golgi apparatus (function)

A
  • processes, sorts and ships proteins synthesized in the rough ER
  • has glycosylation enzymes that add a glycosyl group to a protein
  • membranous vesicles carry materials to and from the organelle
33
Q

peroxisome (structures)

A
  • globular organanelles bound by a single membrane
34
Q

peroxisome (function)

A
  • centre of oxydation reactions
35
Q

glyoxysomes

A
  • specialized peroxisome in plants
  • packed with enzymes that oxidize fats to form a compound that can be used to store energy for the cell
36
Q

lysosomes (structure)

A
  • single membrane bound containing approximately 40 different digestive enzymes
  • found in animal cells
37
Q

lyosomes (function)

A
  • digestion
  • water processing
38
Q

mitochondria

A
  • sites of cellular respiration to generate ATP
  • in nearly all eukaryotic cells
39
Q

cellular respiration

A
  • metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP
  • some metabolic steps are catalyzed in the mitochondrial matrix
40
Q

chroroplasts

A
  • found in plants and algae
  • sites of photosynthesis
41
Q

mitochondria (structure)

A
  • smooth outer membrane
  • inner membrane folded into sac like cristae
  • have their own DNA
  • manufacture their own ribosomes
42
Q

compartments of the inner membrane of the mitochondria

A
  • intermembrane space
  • mitochondrial matrix
43
Q

cristae (mitochondria)

A

present a large surface aread for enzymes that synthesize ATP

44
Q

mitochondrial matrix

A

solution inside the cristae

45
Q

mitochondria (function)

A

ATP production

46
Q

chloroplasts (structure)

A
  • plastids specialized
  • double membrane
  • contain their own DNA
  • contain thylakoids and stroma
47
Q

plastids

A
  • most plant and algal cells have plastids
48
Q

thylakoids

A

membrane bound vesicles in the chloroplast

49
Q

stroma

A

solution outside of the thylakoids

50
Q

grana

A

thylakoids stacked into piles

51
Q

chloroplasts (function)

A
  • convert light energy to chemical energy
  • perform photosynthesis
51
Q

similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts

A
  • enveloped by a double membrane
  • contain free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules
  • grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cells
52
Q

early ancestor of eukaryotic cells + nonphotsynthetic cell = ?
(endoymbiont theory)

A
  • early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed a nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cell, which formed an endosymbiont relationship with its host
53
Q

the ancestor of cells that contains chloroplast (endosymbiont theory)

A

at least one of these cells may have taken up a phtosynthetic prokaryote, becoming the ancestor of cells that contain chloroplast

54
Q

host cell + endosymbiont = ?
(endosymbiont theory)

A
  • the host cell and endosymbiont merged into a single organism,a eukaryotic cell with a mitochondrion
55
Q

cell wall

A
  • fungi, algae and plants have a still outer cell wall
  • protects the cell
56
Q

cellulose

A

cell wall’s primary component in plants and algae

57
Q

chitin

A

cell wall’s primary component in fungis

58
Q

lignin

A

contained in some plants’ secondary cell wall

59
Q

vesicles and vaculoses (structures)

A
  • large membrane-bound structures found in plants and fungi
  • contain digestive enzymes
60
Q

vesicles and vacuoles (function)

A
  • some specialized for digestion
  • most are used for storage of water
  • used for ions to help the cell maintain its normal volume

general bio 2024 (22 decks)

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