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lecture 21 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

characteristics of an embryophytes (land plant)

A
  • non-motile
  • terrestrial
  • multicellular
  • eukaryotic
  • cellulose in cell wall
  • most contain chlorophyll
  • produce own organic compounds (autotrophic)
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2
Q

4 main groups of land plants

A
  • non vascular (moss)

vascular:
- seedless vascular plants
- gymnosperms (conifers)
- angiosperms (flowering plants)

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3
Q

non vascular plant: phylum

A

bryophytes

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4
Q

what do green algae and plants have in common?

A
  • same photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b)
  • store carbohydrates as starch
  • cellulose - main cell wall component
  • similar mechanism of cell division (cell plate)
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5
Q

are land plants descended from modern charophytes?

A

no, they share a common ancestor with modern charophytes

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6
Q

leaves

A
  • organs
  • increase the surface area of vascular plants to capture light
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7
Q

waxy cuticle

A
  • covers epidermis (aerial portions of plants)
  • acts as waterproofing
  • prevents water loss
  • protects against microbial attack
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8
Q

stomata

A
  • tiny spores on leaf surface
  • facilitate gas exchange
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9
Q

gametangia

A
  • multicellular sex organs
  • have a sterile layer of cells that surround and protects the gametes
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10
Q

what happens to the fertilized egg (plants)?

A

developps into a multicellular embryo (young plant) within the female gametangium

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11
Q

how cam land plants be informlly grouped?

A
  • presence or absence of an extensive system of vascular tissues
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12
Q

vascular tissues

A

cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body

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13
Q

bryophytes

A
  • no vasculature
  • small compact
  • relies on diffusion for nutrient and water uptake
  • anchored by rhizoids (not true roots)
  • don’t have true leaves - 1 celled thick - enhances water and mineral uptake
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14
Q

rhizoid

A
  • not composed of tissues
  • lack specialized conducting cells
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15
Q

females gametangia

A
  • archegonia
  • produce eggs
  • site of fertilization
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16
Q

male gametangia

A
  • artheridia
  • site of sperm production and release
  • produce a motile sperm that must “swim” to eggs, therefore requires the presence of water
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17
Q

what do bryophyte have that algae lack?

A
  • waxy cuticle & stomata for land adaptation
  • compact multicellular plant body formed; helped in the conservation of water by reducing cell surface are exposed to dry land conditions
  • special structures (eg.: rhizoids) were developed anchorage
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18
Q

where do you find algae?

A

water (aquatic)

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19
Q

where do you find bryophytes?

A

moist areas

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20
Q

what do bryophytes need for reproduction?

A
  • water
  • just a splash or raindrops or a thin film of water
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21
Q

what do plant need to become successful on land?

A
  • better of:
  • acquiring
  • moving
  • retaining
    water and nutrient
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22
Q

what did plants do do be better adapted on land?

A

develop vascular tissues

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23
Q

vascular tissue

A
  • evolved to be used in the movement of water & nutrients from the ground into the plant
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24
Q

thick walled cells function

A
  • pipes (tubes) for transporting water & nutrient throughout plant
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25
Q

3 basic organs of vascular plants

A
  • roots
  • stems
  • leaves
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26
Q

what did vascular plants do to obtain the resources they need?

A

evolved two systems:
- a subterranean root system
- aerial shoot system of stems and leaves

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27
Q

roots

A
  • organs that anchor vascular plants
  • enable them to absrob water and nutrients from the soil
  • also allow the shoot system to grow taller
  • may have evolved from the subterranean portions of stems in ancients vascualr plants
  • some have hairs to increase surface area
  • some are specialized for storage (ex.: carrots & potatoes)
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28
Q

stem functions

A
  • leave the ground
  • keeps the leaves in the light
  • support for leaves
  • transport material from roots to leaves
  • storage of nutrients
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29
Q

leaves function

A
  • site of photosynthesis
  • large surface area for solar collection
  • contain vascualr tissue
  • epidermal layer: waxy coat
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30
Q

stomata

A

tiny opening underneath the leaves

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31
Q

characteristics of seedless vascular plants (ferns)

A
  • well developped vascular tissue so they can absorb and distribute water to leaves meters away
  • gametophyte and sporophyte stages
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32
Q

primitive traits retained in both stages of the fern’s life cycle (seedless vascular plant)

A
  • sperm still requires water to reach egg
  • produce spores
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33
Q

ferns

A
  • more advances than mosses because of production of spores (sporophyte stage)
  • sporangia (gonads that makes spores) in clusters called sori on modified leaves calle sporophylls
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34
Q

seed

A
  • specialized structures that contains an embryo in a protective covering called a seed coat
  • important means of dispersing offsprings
  • has stores food for the embryo (while the free-living seedless vascular plants must fend for themselves)
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35
Q

in seed plant, from what is the embryo protected?

A
  • environmental stresses like drought and UV radiation
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36
Q

seed’s superiority to spores

A
  • multicellular young plant with embryonic root
  • stem leaves already formes (spore is single celled)
  • contains food supply (endosperm) after germination seed nourishes plant until embryo become self sufficient
  • protected by seed coat
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37
Q

ovules

A
  • structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells
38
Q

what is the ovule made of?

A
  • interguments (envelop & protect megasporangium and megaspore)
  • megasporangium
  • megaspores (egg)
39
Q

megasporangium

A

structure producing and containing the spore

40
Q

what happens to the ovule after fertilization?

A

develops into a seed

41
Q

what happens to microsporangia?

A

develop into pollen grains containing the male gametophytes

42
Q

pollination

A
  • transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules
43
Q

what is the advantage of pollen?

A
  • eliminates the need for a film of water
  • can be dispersed by air or animals
44
Q

gymnosperm meaning

A

naked sed

45
Q

confiner seed

A
  • embryos are inside
  • are produced on the bear woody structure
  • are said to be naked
46
Q

what is the disadvantage of producing naked seeds?

A
  • makes them vulnerable to:
  • environmental influences
  • attacked by birds, insects and other animals
47
Q

naked seeds

A
  • not enclosed in ovaries
48
Q

seeds of gymnosperms

A
  • exposed on modified leaves (sporophylls) that usually form cones (strobili)
49
Q

characteristics of gymnosperm

A
  • needle shaped leaves
  • do not fall off all at once: non-deciduous
  • retain some green leaves year round = evergreens
  • perennials
  • first group of plants to produced seeds
50
Q

perennials

A

live year after year (vs annuals)

51
Q

cone

A

reproductive structure

52
Q

monoecious

A
  • most conifers
  • separate male and female parts in different locations on the same plant
53
Q

male cone

A
  • each pollen grain contains a sperm (male gametophytes)
54
Q

female cone

A

larger than male cone

55
Q

evolutionary advancements with pine trees (conifers)

A
  • do not need water for fertilization
  • produce pollen and cones for reproduction
  • produce naked seeds
56
Q

what do male cones produce?

A

pollen grain

57
Q

what happens to pollen grain produced by male cones?

A

carried by AIR to female cones

58
Q

what do female cones do with pollen grain from male cones?

A

produce megaspores

59
Q

sporophyll

A
  • leaf like structures that bear sporangia
60
Q

pollen grains structure

A
  • external air sacs (look like wings)
  • provide added buoyancy
  • allow them to be dispersed great distances by wind
61
Q

life cycle of a pine

A
  • pollination
  • pollen tube penetrates megaspongium
  • pollen tube reaches egg
  • fertilization
  • zygote –> embryo
  • scales of each ovulate cones separate
  • seeds are typically dispersed by the WIND
  • seed that lands in a habitable location germinates
  • its embryo emerges as a pine seedling
62
Q

angiospers

A
  • most diversed and successful group of plants
  • most highly evolved plants
  • vascular plants that produce flowers and seeds enclosed within a fruit
63
Q

fruit

A
  • ovary and other tissues mature into a protective tissue
  • surround the seed
  • protect dormant seeds
  • aid in their dispersal
64
Q

flower

A
  • angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction
  • specialized shoot with up to four types of modified leaves
65
Q

type of modified leaves of flowers

A
  • sepals
  • petals
66
Q

sepals

A
  • base of the flower
  • modified leaves
  • usually green
  • enclose the flower before its open
67
Q

petals

A
  • brightly colored
  • attract pollinators
68
Q

stamens functions

A
  • produce microspores that develop into pollen grains containing male gametophytes
69
Q

stamens structure

A
  • stalk (filament)
  • terminal sac (anther) where pollen is produced
70
Q

carpels

A
  • produce megaspores and their products, female gametophytes
71
Q

carpels structure

A
  • tip of carpal: sticky stigma that receives pollen
  • style leads to the ovary at the base of the carpal
  • if fertilized, an ovule develops into a seed
72
Q

perfect flower

A

has both male and female parts

73
Q

heterosporous

A

withing the flower, they produce:
- microspores (develops into a pollen grain)
- megaspores (develops into an embryo sac)

74
Q

fleshy fruits

A
  • orange, plus amd grapes
  • ovary wall softens during ripening
75
Q

dry fruits

A

beans, nuts, grains

76
Q

use of flowers

A
  • attract insects for pollination
77
Q

seed dispersal

A
  • various fruit adaptation help disperse seeds
  • can be carried by wind, water or ANIMALS to new locations
78
Q

plant adaptions to limit water loss

A
  • thick cuticle
  • fewer stomata
  • opening stomata only at nighttime to gather and store CO2
79
Q

plant adaptions to store water

A
  • enlarged stems for water storage
  • thicker leaves for water storage
80
Q

plant adaptions to take up water

A
  • deep root systems
  • shallow laterally extensive root systems
81
Q

plants adaptations to wet climbers

A
  • thin cuticle (if any)
  • air sacs and large flat leaves for flotation
  • reduced root system
  • increased number of stomata
82
Q

spores

A

haploid reproductive cells that grow directly into adults

83
Q

gametes

A

haploid reproductive cells that need to fuse with another gamete to form a zygote

84
Q

sporophyte

A

adult plant which makes spores

85
Q

gametophyte

A

adult plants which makes gametes

86
Q

gametophyte generation in nonvascuar plants

A

photosynthetic

87
Q

sporophyte in nonvascualr plants

A
  • small
  • short-lived
  • nutrionally dependent on the gametophyte
  • permanently attached
88
Q

major theme in plant evolution

A

reduction of the gametophyte generation

89
Q

homosporous

A
  • most ancient vascular plants
  • single type of spore
  • produce one type of gametophyte that has both the archegonium and the antheridium
90
Q

evolution of seed

A

led to heterosporous plants that produce two type of spores

general bio 2024 (22 decks)

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