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general bio 2024 > lecture 12 > Flashcards

lecture 12 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Type of inheritance: allele effects

A
  1. Complete/ simple dominance
  2. Multiple alleles
  3. Incomplete dominance
  4. Co-dominance
  5. Pleiotropy
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2
Q

Type of inheritance:

A

-allele effects
- gene effects
- gene and chromosomes

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3
Q

Type of inheritance: gene effects

A
  1. Epistasis
  2. Multiple genes
  3. Environmental interactions
  4. Multifactorial interactions
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4
Q

Type of inheritance: genes and chromosomes

A
  • Linked genes
  • sex chromosomes
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5
Q

Multiple alleles

A
  • Can influence the phenotype of a particular gene
  • increase the number of possible phenotypes
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6
Q

Incomplete dominance

A
  • Heterozygotes have a phenotype that is intermediate to the 2 homozygotic phenotypes
  • occurs as a dose responsive expression of a gene
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7
Q

Codominance

A
  • Heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both alleles at once
  • not intermediate
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8
Q

Pleiotropy

A
  • Single gene can sometimes have multiple effects (pleiotropic)
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9
Q

Epistasis

A
  • Phenotypic expression of one gene is influenced by another gene
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10
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A
  • Caused by the combined effect of several genes
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11
Q

Where does polygenic inheritance show continuous variation?

A
  • Eye colour
  • height
  • skin colour
  • intelligence
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12
Q

What also affects phenotype?

A

Environment

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13
Q

What can affect the expression of the genotype?

A

Light
Temperature
Nutrition

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14
Q

Genetic linkage

A
  • Some alleles do not assort independently
  • occurs when particular genetic loci or alleles for genes are inherited jointly
  • absolute linkage is rare
  • genes may recombine during prophase I of meiosis by crossing over
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15
Q

Linked genes

A
  • Tend to be inherited together because they are located near each other on the same chromosome
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16
Q

What happens to genes on the same chromosome (genetic linkage) ?

A
  • Do not assort independently into gametes (in humans, ovum and spermazoa) during meiosis
17
Q

What is involved when chromosomes exchange corresponding segments?

A
  • 2 chromatids in the tetras
  • both are recombinant
18
Q

Sex linkage and the chromosome theory

A
  • Sex chromosomes pair during meiosis I then segregate during meiosis II
  • results in gametes with either an x or Y chromosome
  • female produce all x gametes
  • males produce half x gametes and half y gametes
19
Q

X linked inheritance

A
  • Female have 2 alleles for x-linked genes (found on the X chromosomes
  • males only have one
  • drosophila and humans males are hemizygous
20
Q

Sex -linked inheritance

A
  • Results in inheritance patterns where in malesand females inherit a different number of alleles for genes on sex chromosomes
21
Q

Autosomes

A

Chromosomes other than sex-chromosomes

22
Q

Autosomal inheritance

A

Genes on autosomes

23
Q

X-linked inheritance

A
  • Gave a lot of support to the chromesomes theory of inheritance
24
Q

X inactivation in female mamals

A
  • One of the X chromosomes in each cell is randomly inactivated during embryonic development
25
Q

Barr body

A

Inactive x condenses into it in female mammals

26
Q

What happens if a female is heterozygous for a particular located on a gene on the X chromosome?

A

She will be a mosaic for the x inactivation

27
Q

Dominantly inherited disorders

A
  • Some disorders are caused by dominant alleles
  • lethal disease arise by mutation
28
Q

Pedigree

A
  • record of genetic phenotypes within a family for a particular trait across several generations
  • can trace a trait that results from a single gene
29
Q

Use of a pedigree

A
  • can allow someone to determine whether or not inheritance is recessive, dominant, autosomal or sex-linked
30
Q

Pedigree: 2 unaffected parents and affected child

A

Pedigree shows a recessive trait

31
Q

Pedigree: every affected individual has a affected parent or none

A

Dominant trait

32
Q

If you have an autosomal recessive traits…(autosomal recessive traits)

A

You are homozygous recessive for the trait

33
Q

Carriers (autosomal recessive traits)

A
  • Individuals with only one copy of the recessive allele
  • do not express the trait
34
Q

Parents have an affected child

A

Each parent must have at 1 least recessive allele to have an affected child

35
Q

What shows the phenotype for a dominant allele? (Autosomal dominant trait )

A

Homozygotes and heterozygous

36
Q

If a trait appear equally often in males and females…

A

It is likely autosomal

37
Q

If a trait appear more often in males than females…

A

X-linked

38
Q

X-linked recessive phenotypes

A
  • Appears much more often in males than females
    -heterozygous daughters are carriers

general bio 2024 (22 decks)

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