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general bio 2024 > lecture 24 > Flashcards

lecture 24 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ecological community

A
  • all species that live and interact in a given area
  • loose associations of species
  • each species is distributed based on its environmental requirements
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2
Q

competition

A
  • relationships where both species sufffer
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3
Q

territorial competition

A

mobile organisms protect a feeding or breeding territory

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4
Q

encounter competition

A

organisms interfere directly for access to specific resources

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5
Q

two types of niches

A
  • fundamental niche
  • realized niche
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6
Q

fundamental niche

A
  • potential ecological niche for an organism
  • niche that an organism would occupy in the absence of competition
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7
Q

realized niche

A
  • niche an organism actually occupies
  • niche that an organism occupies in the presence of competition
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8
Q

resource partition

A
  • differentiation of niches that enables two similar species to coexist in a community
  • generally because evolution by natural selection has resulted in the modification of the resources used by one of the species
  • when competition between 2 species with identical niches does not lead to the local extinction of either species
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9
Q

character displacement

A
  • tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sympatic populations of 2 species
  • competing species evolve slightly different niches to avoid competition
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10
Q

competiton consquences
( one species)

A
  • subordination (one will die off)
  • niche differentiation leading to speciation
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11
Q

niche

A

every aspect of how an organism interacts with its environment

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12
Q

competiton consquences
( two species)

A
  • competitive exclusion (no two specials can occupy exactly the same niche):
  • niche differentiation
  • extinction of one species
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13
Q

commensalism consequences
(commensal)

A
  • selection to get the most from the interaction
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14
Q

commensalism consequences
(host)

A

no selection

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15
Q

mutualism

A
  • mutualistic symbiosis
  • interspecific interaction that benefits both species
  • can be obligate
  • can be faculatative
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16
Q

mutualism (obligate)

A

where one species cannot survive without the other

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17
Q

mutualism (faculative)

A

where both species can survive alone

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18
Q

example of mutualism

A

endosymbiosis theory

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19
Q

consumption

A

ingestion of one organism by another

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20
Q

three major types

A
  • herbivory
  • paratisim
  • predation
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21
Q

herbivory (consumption)

A

consumption of plant tissues by herbivores

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22
Q

parasitism (consumption)

A

consumption of small amounts of tissues from another organism, or host, by a parasite

23
Q

predation (consumption)

A

killing & consumption of most or all of another individual (the prey) by a predator

24
Q

consumption consequences (prey/host)

A
  • strong selection for effective defense
25
Q

consumption consequences (predator/parasite)

A
  • strong selection for effective mechanisms to overcome defenses
26
Q

consumption consequences

A
  • prey/host
  • predator/parasite
  • leads to arms races
27
Q

herbivory

A
  • process in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant
  • led to the evolution od plant mechanical (spines, tough leaves)
  • and chemical defenses
  • and consequenct adaptations by herbivores
28
Q

parasitism

A
  • one organism, the parasite, derives its nourishments from another organism, its hosts, which is harmed in the process
  • endoparasites
  • ectoparasites
29
Q

endoparasites

A

live within the body of the host

30
Q

ectoparasites

A

live and freed on the external surface of the host

31
Q

examples of living parasites

A
  • mites living in the trachea of honeybees
  • clog airways which eventually kills them
32
Q

predation

A
  • refers to an interactions where one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey
  • feeding adaptations of predators (claws, teeth, fangs, stingers, poison)
  • natural selection shapes the body forms and behaviors of both predators and prey
33
Q

predator strategies

A
  • camouflaged
  • attract their prey
34
Q

prey strategies

A
  • evolved adaptations that help them avoid being eaten
    -behaviroal defenses (fleeing, hiding, self-defense)
  • alarms calls may summon many individuals of the prey species to mob the predator
  • cryptic coloration or camouflage (make prey difficult to sport)
  • aposematic coloration
35
Q

aposematic coloration

A
  • warns predator to stay away from prey
36
Q

mimircy

A

one prey species may gain significant protection by mimicking the appearance of another

37
Q

batesian mimicry

A

a palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful model

38
Q

müllerian mimicry

A
  • 2 or more species ressemble each other
  • the animal mimics the attributes of a poisonous creature, when it is actually is itself unpalatable
  • predators will quickly adapt, avoiding this particular appearance
39
Q

trophic levels

A
  • diving for organisms in a community
  • based on their source of energy
40
Q

producers

A
  • use the energy of the sun to produce organic molecules
  • photoautotrophs
  • get their energy directly from sunlight, and use inorganic sources of carbon
41
Q

primary consumers

A
  • herbivores
  • consume producers
  • heterotrophs
42
Q

secondary consumers

A
  • carnivores
  • feed on herbivores
  • heterotrophs
43
Q

tertiary consumers

A
  • carnivores
  • feed on secondary consumers
  • heterotrophs
44
Q

food chains

A

linear patterns that describe the flow of energy from one trophic level to the next

45
Q

decomposers

A
  • detritivores
  • eat bodies and waste products
  • crucial to life on earth, because without them nutrient would not recycle
46
Q

omnivores

A
  • organisms that get their food from more than one trophic level
  • many species
47
Q

food webs

A

more complete description of the trophic relationships between the organisms in an ecosystem

48
Q

biomass

A

weight of living matter

49
Q

diagrams showing energy or biomass

A
  • at each trophic level
  • show how energy drecreases as it flows from lower to higher levels
50
Q

bioaccumulation

A

build up of a toxin in an organism’s body

51
Q

biomagnification

A
  • over time
  • increase in concentration as it passes from one trophic levels to the next
52
Q

why does a toxin gets stores in an organism?

A
  • organism does not metabolize
  • usually in fatty issues
53
Q

how do the toxic substances enter food chain?

A
  • extremely stable
  • accumulates in environment
54
Q
A

general bio 2024 (22 decks)

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