lecture 6

Question 1

Central dogma of biology

Answer 1

DNA –> RNA –> Protein

Question 2

nucleic acids

Answer 2

• polymers
• genetic code for life
• book of instructions for making an organism

Question 3

2 types of nucleic acids

Answer 3

• deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA)
• ribonucleic acids (RNA)

Question 4

polynucleotide

Answer 4

made of nucleotides

Question 5

nucleotides

Answer 5

• 1 sugar molecule (pentose sugar)
• a nitrogenous base
• a phosphate group

Question 6

RNA

Answer 6

• has ribose
• uses U instead of T
• is usualy single stranted
• some kinds can fold on themselves giving them other functions

Question 7

DNA

Answer 7

• has deoxyribose
• double stranded
• complementary strands are antiparallel (5’ end with 3’ end)

Question 8

phosphodiester

Answer 8

• covalent bond
• nucleotides polymerize so link together through condensation to form this bond

Question 9

where is the link is a phosphodiester?

Answer 9

between the phosphate group on the 5’ carbon of one nucleotide and the hydroxyl group (OH) on the 3’ carbon of another

Question 10

primary structure (nucleic acid)

Answer 10

• sequence of nucleotides
• strand has a 5. end and a 3’ end

Question 11

what does the 5’ end has?

Answer 11

phosphate group

Question 12

what does the 3’ end has?

Answer 12

ribose sugar

Question 13

backbone of nucleic acid

Answer 13

alternating sugars and phosphates

Question 14

characteristics of 2 strand in DNA molecule

Answer 14

• complementary base pairs (C-G and A-T/U)

Question 15

name of DNA bases

Answer 15

• Guanine
• Cytosine
• Adenine
• Thymine
• Uracil

Question 16

what joins complementary DNA bases?

Answer 16

3 h-bonds

Question 17

Chargaff’s rules

Answer 17

• amount of c = amount of g
• amount of a = amount of t

Question 18

double helix

Answer 18

• paired chains of nucleotides twist together
• can be considered DNA’s secondary structure
• can be denatured

Question 19

DNA replication

Answer 19

• cell divides –> copy of its own DNA
• complementary base pairing provides a simple mechanism for DNA replication
• each strand can serve as a template for formation of a new complementary strand

Question 20

ATP

Answer 20

• independant of RNA and DNA
• stores energy from the breakdown of glucose (in cellular respiration)
• gives it to power various cell functions

Question 21

creation of polypeptide (eventually a protein) involves:

Answer 21

• copying the info of a gene and tranfering this info out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm
• combining amino acids together according to the info coded for in the gene to create a specific polypeptide

Question 22

flow of genetic info (2 process)

Answer 22

• transciption
• translation

Question 23

transciption (def)

Answer 23

• process of making an RNA copy of a gene
• the RNA molecule is called mRNA
• mRNA exits the nucleau upon creation

Question 24

translation (def)

Answer 24

• process of making a polypeptide chain using mRNA strand as a template
• happends on a ribosome

Question 25

transciption (process)

Answer 25

• the DNA double stranf temporarily separates into single strands
• RNA nucleotides bind to complimentary nucleotides from ONE of the two strands (template strand)
• gene expressed = mRNA copy of the gene
• mRNA produced is complementary to the template strand

Question 26

RNA polymerase

Answer 26

enzyme that catalyzes transcription

Question 27

translation (process)

Answer 27

• after transciption, mRNA undergoes modifications and exits the nucleus through nuclear pores
• in the cytoplasm, mRNA + tRNA + ribosome = polypeptide
• Each amino acid (protein monomer) is added to a codon

Question 28

codon

Answer 28

3 specific nucleotide sequence

Question 29

tRNA

Answer 29

• transfer RNA
• seek out amino acids floating freely in the cytoplasm
• can only bind to a specific amino acid and the appropriate codon
• reusable in translation

Question 30

anticodon

Answer 30

• end that binds to mRNA
• 3 nucleotide sequence