lecture 9

Question 1

what is the random groups design

Answer 1

there are two groups and participants are randomly assigned to two groups/conditions

Question 2

what is random assignment

Answer 2

each participant has equal change of being assigned to each of the groups

Question 3

the participants in the groups of random group designs are ______________

Answer 3

non-overlapping or independent from one another

Question 4

how do you remove confounds between the control group and the experimental group

Answer 4

equating the groups

Question 5

the variable being manipulated is

Answer 5

the independent varaiable

Question 6

the variable that shows the effect

Answer 6

dependent variable

Question 7

explain levels of independent variables

Answer 7

there are levels when manipulating the independent variable. the control is a level of IV and the experiment group is also another level of IV

ex. you test chocolates effect on test taking
levels are = small sized vs medium sized vs large sized chocolate

Question 8

differentiate correlational designs and experimental designs

Answer 8

correlational designs are non-experimental and do not lead to conclusions about causality. ideal when IV cannot be manipulated

Question 9

what type of design is described as “between subjects”

Answer 9

independent group designs

Question 10

describe independent groups design

Answer 10

participants are non-overlapping meaning they are either in the control or the experimental group

Question 11

what is the purpose of the random-group design

Answer 11

to establish causality since you are removing possible confounds through andomization

Question 12

what type of group is a placebo

Answer 12

control group

Question 13

what variable is the hypothesized outcome

Answer 13

dependent variable

Question 14

what is the purpose of random assignment?

Answer 14

to create equivalent conditions and rule out differences between groups that could impact results

Question 15

why do you need to randomize the order of data collecting

Answer 15

bc if you dont, you add a confound of duration of the test between the control and experimental groups

Question 16

what is statistical power

Answer 16

probability of detecting an effect (researchers ability to find an effect size of interest)

need enough participants

Question 17

what are underpowered studies

Answer 17

studies that do not have enough participants to see effect size

Question 18

what is likely to happen if a study is underpowered

Answer 18

no effect can be seen thus the null hypothesis will be accepted

Question 19

what is data peeking

Answer 19

checking for statistically significant results after collecting a small subset of data and stopping data collection

Question 20

what is the purpose of a representative sample

Answer 20

to have external validity where the results of a study is applicable to population

Question 21

confounding variables are a threat to ________

Answer 21

internal validity

Question 22

describe representative samles

Answer 22

have characteristics representative of broader population

Question 23

what are the 3 examples of confounding variables

Answer 23

differences in:
- environment
- individuals
- researcher (researchers do sntg different)

Question 24

what is a way to avoid the Clever Hans Phenomenon (the horse)

Answer 24

making sure the researcher is unaware of the experiment’s hypothesis

Question 25

what is the single-blind design

Answer 25

the participants dont know which group they are assigned

Question 26

what is a double-blind design

Answer 26

both experimenter and participants dont know hypothesis

Question 27

talk about the clever hans phenomenon

Answer 27

a horse was said to know how to solve math but it was just responding to physical cues from the experimenter - research confounds

Question 28

what are matched groups

Answer 28

participants in each group arae matched on particular characteristics of interest (i.e. iq, gender, age..)

Question 29

what is the importance of matched groups

Answer 29

to ensure groups are equivalent