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PSYC 300 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Bottom-up reasoning

A

Inductive

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2
Q

Top-down reasoning

A

Deductive

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3
Q

what are accepted without proof

A

assumptions

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4
Q

a way of knowing based on systematic observations

A

science

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5
Q

scientists obtain data ______ (empirically or rationally) and why

A

empirically because data is collected through experience and experimentation

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6
Q

scientists interpret data ______ (empirically or rationally) and why

A

rationally because you use reason and logic to make sense of data and you need to interpret evidence simply

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7
Q

assumptions shape _______ you make (and how)

A

inferences because assumptions refers to something we assume and we build our inferences based on our prior knowledge

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8
Q

what is open science and what is its purpose

A

open science allows other scientists to check each others works and re run studies. this is important because it helps scientists ensure their studies are free from biases. allows for science to be more valid and reproducible

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9
Q

the tendency to process information i ways that support existing beliefs

A

confirmation bias

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10
Q

what is psychology

A

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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11
Q

the process of obtaining first-hand information

A

observation

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12
Q

conducting carefully controlled research designed to establish causality

A

experimentation

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13
Q

a way of knowing without proof or evidence

A

faith

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14
Q

research methods characterized by a controlled environment in which the effects of manipulating an independent variable on a dependent variable can be observed, allowing the research to make conclusions about causality

A

experimental methods

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15
Q

what is the variable being manipulated by experimenter

A

independent variable

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16
Q

the variable measured

A

dependent variable

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17
Q

any research that is not designed to establish causality

A

non-experimental methods

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18
Q

examples of non-experimental methods

A

survey, case study, correlational study

19
Q

refers to the stability of research results

A

reliability

20
Q

refers to the quality of the research

A

validity

21
Q

what makes a good hypothesis

A

leads to testable predictions

22
Q

After observing her chimpanzees in the wild¸Jane Goodall develops hypotheses related to tool use by apes. (deductive or inductive)

A

inductive

23
Q

Anthony and Kent use the theory of planned behavior to guide their study of Cal Poly students’ intentions to vote for a Green Initiative.
(deductive or inductive)

A

deductive

24
Q

state some reasons as to why communicating science is important?

A
  • allows other scientists to use studies to create their own study related to the topic
  • allows for other scientists to examine the validity of the study by replicating it
  • allows for the public to examine the study to avoid errors and incorrect findings
25
Q

what is psychology

A

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

26
Q

what type of science is driven by the scientist’s curiosity?

A

basic science

27
Q

what kind of science is often defined as research that aims to solve a particular practical problem?

A

applied science

28
Q

what kind of science has the goal of the improvement of human well being?

A

applied science

29
Q

what kind of science includes wanting to conduct a study without an idea of how this finding could be used?

A

basic science

30
Q

Jeremy wants to see whether an application of Carol Dweck’s growth mindset work produces gains in student achievement?

what kind of science is this?

A

applied science

31
Q

what do you call believing people who seem credible

A

argument from authority

32
Q

what sets common sense apart from science?

A

science is consistent, reliable and has nuanced explanations. while common sense is applicable to our current life, it is not always reliable because our mind tends to have heuristics (mental shortcuts)

33
Q

define heuristics

A

mental shortcuts

34
Q

what do you call information that does not follow the rules of science but is presented as if it does?

A

pseudoscience

35
Q

what are the practices in pseudoscience?

A
  • belief in authority
  • unrepeatable experiments
  • handpicked examples
  • unwillingness to test
  • disregard of refuting information
  • built-in subterfuge
  • explanations are abandoned without replacement
36
Q

what do you call it when testing is set up in a biased way to ensure that only one theory will be supported?

A

Built-in subterfuge:

37
Q

the ability to think rationally, clearly, and independently

A

critical thinking

38
Q

characteristics of good critical thinking

A
  • suspends belief until evidence is available
  • can change their mind in the face of new evidence
  • intensive use of cognitive resources
39
Q

what does the Elaboration Likelihood Model state?

A

that we use one of two pathways when evaluating information, central or peripheral. central route is when an issue is important to us and we focus on facts and logic. the peripheral route is for everything else and we are more vulnerable to messages influencing us using means other than logic (meaning we are more easily persuaded)

40
Q

differentiate the central route and the peripheral route

A

central route
- when an issue is important to us and we focus on facts and logic.

peripheral route
- is for everything else and we are more vulnerable to messages influencing us using means other than logic (meaning we are more easily persuaded)

41
Q

is an idea that you accept as true or certain to happen without any proof.

A

an assumption

42
Q

is a step made using reason and evidence on the road to a conclusion

A

inference

43
Q

what does effect size tell us?

A
  • how meaningful the relationship between variables or the difference between groups is
    large effect size - research finding has practical significance
    small effect size - limited practical applications
44
Q

what is the range of effect size and their meanings?

A

0.2 - small
0.5 - medium
0.8 - large

PSYC 300 (11 decks)

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