lecture 5 research fundamentals

Question 1

what kind of research approach can be described but not necessarily measured

Answer 1

qualitative

Question 2

what kind of research approach involves quantities (numbers)

Answer 2

quantitative

Question 3

what kind of research approach is used to get a sense of what happened

Answer 3

descriptive

Question 4

what kind of research approach is used to generalize beyond your data

Answer 4

inferential

Question 5

what variables are not directly measurable

Answer 5

constructs

Question 6

involves converting the phenomenon into a measurable form

Answer 6

operationalizing

Question 7

what variables have an ordered relationship

Answer 7

ordinal variables

Question 8

what variables not numeric or ordered relationship between categories (order is based on convenience)

Answer 8

nominal variables

Question 9

what variable type shows order, direction, and exact differences between values on a scale and has no absolute zero?

Answer 9

interval level

Question 10

what is the main difference between interval level and ratio level variables?

Answer 10

interval level has no absolute zero while ratio level has an absolute zero

Question 11

what variable type shows order, direction, and exact differences between values on a scale and has an absolute zero?

Answer 11

ratio level

Question 12

describe social desirability bias

Answer 12

participants respond mostly with what they believe are good rather than undesirable responses which is why you have to be careful about getting opinions and beliefs

Question 13

talk about the two types of quantitative research approaches

Answer 13

• description
  
  • describing our data
  • descriptive statistics - descriptive analysis
• inference
  
  • trying to make generalizations for larger populations
  • inferential statistics

Question 14

various characteristics of a phenomenon that can be identified and measured

Answer 14

attributes

Question 15

what type of variable are the results of standardized tests (i.e. IQ tests or SAT tests)

Answer 15

interval

Question 16

what type of variable is the temperature scale kelvin

Answer 16

ratio

Question 17

what type of variable is the temperature scale Celsius

Answer 17

interval

Question 18

what type of variable is speed

Answer 18

ratio

Question 19

what type of variable is income

Answer 19

ratio

Question 20

what type of variable is school grade level

Answer 20

ordinal

Question 21

a kind of response bias wherein study participants maximize what they believe are “good” responses and minimize what they believe to be “bad”

Answer 21

social desirability

Question 22

data that includes information about peoples’ reports of their perceptions, reactions, and feelings within a specified time period

Answer 22

attitude data

Question 23

what type of data would asking someone how much they drink be

Answer 23

behavioral data

Question 24

what are some reasons behavioral data is not reliable

Answer 24

memory issues and behavior does not always correspond to intentions

Question 25

what type of data is obtained by researchers themselves

Answer 25

primary data

Question 26

the extent to which raters agree and provide consistent estimates of same behavior

Answer 26

inter-rater reliability

Question 27

how and why behavior differs between people and situations

Answer 27

behavioral variability

Question 28

a statistical test used to describe the characteristics of a single variable

Answer 28

frequency analysis

Question 29

what are the two aspects of simple frequency

Answer 29

central tendency and dispersion

Question 30

what are the ways to quantify central tendency and define them

Answer 30

mean - average, median - middle value, mode - most frequent

Question 31

how is dispersion quantified

Answer 31

standard deviation

Question 32

what type of variables can use standard devaition

Answer 32

quantitative (ratio and interval)