lecture 10

Question 1

what is a repeated measure design

Answer 1

the DV is measured more than once in same participant and using that data as comparison

Question 2

what is the pretest-intervention-posttest repeated measure design

Answer 2

when the DV is measured before participant undergoes experiment and then measured again after

Question 3

what serves as controls in a repeated measure design

Answer 3

participants are their own control (the before measurement)

Question 4

what design is more appropriate when the study involves special populations (Independent group design or Repeated Measures Designs)

Answer 4

Repeated measures design

Question 5

what are the advantages of repeated research designs?

Answer 5

• can be used for special populations
• has more power
• measure change across time

Question 6

explain why repeated measure designs have more power

Answer 6

bc they remove a lot of confounds since the individual remains the same (you get to isolate your independent variable more)
it also lessens variation which increases ability to detect an effect

Question 7

what is effect size

Answer 7

how much effect the independent variable has on the dependent variable

Question 8

which has more power between-subjects design or repeated measures design

Answer 8

repeated measures

Question 9

what are the disadvantages of repeated measures designs

Answer 9

1, unique situations
- situations that people can only experience once therefore can only be measured once
2. order effects
- when exposure to one level of the IV influences the next level of the IV

Question 10

describe the practice effect

Answer 10

when participants exposed to the experiment get better at it/gain experience thus affecting the outcome of the dependent variable

hint: improvement as an outcome

Question 11

Suppose a researcher wants to know whether children can learn to play an instrument from a YouTube video as well as they can learn from a face-to-face instructor. A student practices playing the instrument for one hour with the YouTube video, and after that, we test how well she plays. After that, she practices playing with an instructor for one hour, and we test how well she plays.

what type of order effect is this

Answer 11

practice effect

Question 12

what is fatigue as a practice effect

Answer 12

when the participants feel tired and bored after the first exposure to treatment/IV and it negatively affects the outcome of the DV

Question 13

what is a carryover effect

Answer 13

type of order effect that is observed when the effects of a preceding condition spill over to the following condition (one level of the IV spills over) usually physically effects being carried over

ex.
experiencing a hot room could have lasting effects on mood that carry over to evaluation in a cold room

Question 14

what is a sensitization effext

Answer 14

it is when experiencing one condition of the independent variable affects the reactivity of the participant

Question 15

A participant may be asked to count backwards in front of an audience by 3’s starting from the number 9,642. This typically increases their stress level. Then, if they were asked to take a difficult math test, they might feel even more anxious. This could be an example of a carryover effect.

True or False

Answer 15

True

Question 16

what is counterbalancing

Answer 16

to control order effects, we can balance them across different conditions to which participants are exposed

Question 17

what is within-subject counterbalancing?

Answer 17

subjects experience all conditions orders in the experiment (all orders occur “within” each participant)

Question 18

what is across-subject counterbalancing

Answer 18

counterbalancing where each participant receives a subset of the condition-orders used in the experiment

Question 19

what is reverse counter balancing and what type of counterbalancing is it

Answer 19

it is when each participant receives all conditions in one order and then in reverse order (2-3 conditions).

it is within-subject counterbalancing

Question 20

what is a washout period and when is it used

Answer 20

a washout period is when the independent variable has a an effect on the dependent variable for a certain amount of time

Question 21

what is complete counterbalancing?

Answer 21

when all orders are used but only one order per individual (2-3 conditions)

Question 22

what is partial counterbalancing?

Answer 22

presents a subset of possible orders, with each participant exposed to one or more subsets (4+ conditions)

Question 23

what is the use of a latin square

Answer 23

it is to make sure condition isnt repeated in row or column to allow for each condition to precede and be followed by every other condition equally

Question 24

In cases of differential transfer effects, which of the following designs would work best?

a
repeated measures with counterbalancing

b
between-subjects

c
either repeated measures or between-subjects

d
neither of these designs would be appropriate in cases of differential transfer

Answer 24

b bc carryover occurs so better not use same participant

Question 25

what is a matched groups design

Answer 25

when participants are put into pairs and each participant in the pairs experience different levels of of the IV (they are matched according to relevance to the DV) this helps avoid order effects but also helps eliminate variability

Question 26

what is the benefit of matched groups design

Answer 26

it reduces variability since pairs are grouped according to similarities related to the DV (benefit of repeated measure) while also reducing the possibility of order effects (benefit of between-subject measure)

Question 27

what has more power between-subject or repeated measures

Answer 27

repeated measures

Question 28

what is the main benefit of repeated measures

Answer 28

reducing variability since the participant is their own control