lecture 12

Question 1

what is the goal of qualitative research?

Answer 1

to get a holistic answer to a question where you don’t just get an answer that is one thing or another

Question 2

describe the hypothesis of a qualitative research

Answer 2

it is more open-ended with many “right answers”

Question 3

what is a multi-method analysis

Answer 3

using more than one kind of data collection to answer a research question i.e. using qualitative measures with quantitative measures; both numerical information and open-ended information

Question 4

what type of research is considered descriptive research (quantitative or qualitative)

Answer 4

qualitative

Question 5

differentiate the sampling used in quantitative vs qualitative

Answer 5

qualitative = small, not randomly selected to select for representative population

quantitative = larger and randomly selected

Question 6

differentiate the type of variables used in quantitative vs qualitative research

Answer 6

qualitative = holistic rather than isolated variables

quantitative = specific, individual variables

Question 7

how do you analyze quantitative vs. qualitative data

Answer 7

qualitative= search for patterns and themes

quantitative = statistical outcomes

Question 8

what is a qualitative inquiry?

Answer 8

conceptual approach to gathering information ex. asking people to describe their emotions rather than using a scale

Question 9

which is more generalizable qualitative or quantitative research?

Answer 9

quantitative

Question 10

difference between theories in qualitative vs quantitative data

Answer 10

qualitative = build theory as data is collected

quantitative = consider theory before collecting data

Question 11

Select the question most likely to be answered through qualitative inquiry.

a
How prevalent is the ADHD diagnosis in the United States?

b
What is the co-occurrence of ADHD and brain damage?

c
How do parents react to an ADHD diagnosis?

d
Where are ADHD prevalence rates the highest?

Answer 11

C, because it is conceptual despite ADHD being a biomedical question

Question 12

what kind of questions do qualitative research answer

Answer 12

how or why in-depth

Question 13

what is saturation

Answer 13

the point where you feel satisfied that you have learned all that you can know about a phenomenon in your specific dataset because the data is becoming repetitive

Question 14

Janea is studying all of the ways in which toddlers respond to their first experience with a smartphone. After observing over 100 kids, Janea has grouped all responses into “tap on screen,” “stare at it,” and “throw it.” The next 20 kids all do one of these three things, and Janea is satisfied that she has a comprehensive understanding of all of the ways toddlers respond to smartphones for the first time. What best describes the stage of Janea’s research?

a
stratification

b
inquiry

c
flexibility

d
saturation

Answer 14

d, data is becoming repitative

Question 15

how are qualitative methods exploratory?

Answer 15

when you dont know much about the topic, you can get more information through asking open-ended questions about the topic

Question 16

what are the 4 characteristics of qualitative research

Answer 16

• it answers how and why questions
  -it aims to understand a topic holistically
  -it is exploratory
  -it is thematic

Question 17

some examples of qualitative research

Answer 17

participant observation, in-depth interviews, focus groups, case studies, naturalistic methods

Question 18

explain how qualitative research aims to be holistic

Answer 18

the data can go beyond the responses of the participants like you can take into account body language or the tone used in responding

Question 19

how is qualitative research an iterative process

Answer 19

repeated data collection and analysis until the phenomenon is understood to the researchers’ satisfaction

Question 20

what is a theme

Answer 20

a pattern that emerges from qualitative data

Question 21

Although there are many overlaps with quantitative methods, qualitative methods tend to be ______________, meaning that we can learn about what we intended to study, as well as other relevant aspects to the study, that we did not first consider when designing it.

a
holistic

b
thematic

c
accepted

d
biased

Answer 21

A

Question 22

why does qualitative research use stratification?

Answer 22

because they do not assess prevalence and it helps them find a sample that can give them a good answer for their question

Question 23

what is the cost of qualitative research using smaller samples

Answer 23

it has a lower external validity

Question 24

describe the grounded theory approach

Answer 24

it is an approach where new data is compared to existing data in a cycle until data saturation is reached; “constant comparative method”

Question 25

what type of research approach do qualitative theories use (inductive or deductive)

Answer 25

inductive (end with theory)

Question 26

describe ethnography

Answer 26

studies patterns between people and cultures

Question 27

what is phenomenology

Answer 27

humanistic psychology wherein data is individualistic and is not comparable to each other

Question 28

what is a conceptual framework and what is its purpose in qualitative research

Answer 28

organization of research ideas and research questions to achieve the purpose of the research; here you will identify the variables and current questions `

Question 29

describe the sample size in qualitative data

Answer 29

large enough to describe the issue but small enough to find data saturation; it is stratified (participants are grouped based on characteristics)

Question 30

what is instrumentation

Answer 30

finding the method of how you will measure your phenomenon i.e. what questions you want to ask, what way they will be asked

Question 31

Why are in-depth interviews common in psychology?
a
They allow participants to describe psychological phenomena in great detail.

b
They make it easier to count phenomenon.

c
Talking about problems is always healthy for people.

d
People naturally prefer talking to people face-to-face than participating in a survey.

Answer 31

A

Question 32

what are probes

Answer 32

further questioning when presented with a close-ended answer; they elicit more detail

Question 33

what is the best mode of analysis to increase reliability and transparency of research

Answer 33

transcription which is when you record or write the data gathered word-for-word

Question 34

what is qualitative coding and what is its purpose

Answer 34

the act of assigning short terms or phrases to describe a larger concept so that large amounts of textual data can be managed

Question 35

what is deductive coding?

Answer 35

using codes that originate from the research question themselves

Question 36

what is inductive coding

Answer 36

examines responses to direct questions and emerging concepts and response categories

Question 37

what is a codebook?

Answer 37

list of thematic codes with what can be included for the specific code; basically describing the code so that you can categorize responses to each code

Question 38

talk about inter-rater reliability in qualitative research

Answer 38

more than one rater or coder is important to remove bias but you have to equate the codes by measuring the percentage agreement (Cohen’s kappa)

Question 39

what is cohen’s kappa

Answer 39

measuring percent of agreement for inter-rater reliability (at least 80%)

Question 40

Why is establishing inter-rater reliability important?

a
to ensure that the coding is grounded

b
to ensure that the codes are appropriately transcribed

c
to ensure that the codes are reliably applied across the data set

d
to ensure that the interviewer asked valid questions

Answer 40

C

Question 41

In the above example, Superman was both a coder and coding manager. What is one advantage of Superman serving in both roles?

a
Superman knew the data well and could thus best evaluate coding errors.

b
Superman could be biased because he was invested in the data analysis process.

c
It was cheaper and easier for Superman to serve in both roles since he was already immersed in the data and part of the overall team.

d
Superman wanted to be part of the analysis team because he felt like he had a better idea than other potential coders about what the participants really meant to say

Answer 41

C

Question 42

what is a mixed methods research?

Answer 42

methodology for conducting research that integrates quantitative and qualitative research

Question 43

what is triangulation and its relationship to mixed methods

Answer 43

triangulation is employing more than one form of data collection and using mixed methods increases this chance since you ask both qualitative and quantitative questions

Question 44

Triangulation is important in qualitative research because it does which of the following?

a
enhances the potential validity of the study

b
is easier to do than one single method

c
is cheaper than one method

d
enhances the reliability of the study

Answer 44

A

Question 45

Which of the following examples illustrates a mixed-methods study?
a
Participants rate the extent to which it is crucial to their identity that they are the primary breadwinner in their family.

b
Participants rate how often that they swear per day, and then they describe in detail the last situation in which they swore.

Answer 45

B