lecture 12 Flashcards
what is the goal of qualitative research?
to get a holistic answer to a question where you don’t just get an answer that is one thing or another
describe the hypothesis of a qualitative research
it is more open-ended with many “right answers”
what is a multi-method analysis
using more than one kind of data collection to answer a research question i.e. using qualitative measures with quantitative measures; both numerical information and open-ended information
what type of research is considered descriptive research (quantitative or qualitative)
qualitative
differentiate the sampling used in quantitative vs qualitative
qualitative = small, not randomly selected to select for representative population
quantitative = larger and randomly selected
differentiate the type of variables used in quantitative vs qualitative research
qualitative = holistic rather than isolated variables
quantitative = specific, individual variables
how do you analyze quantitative vs. qualitative data
qualitative= search for patterns and themes
quantitative = statistical outcomes
what is a qualitative inquiry?
conceptual approach to gathering information ex. asking people to describe their emotions rather than using a scale
which is more generalizable qualitative or quantitative research?
quantitative
difference between theories in qualitative vs quantitative data
qualitative = build theory as data is collected
quantitative = consider theory before collecting data
Select the question most likely to be answered through qualitative inquiry.
a
How prevalent is the ADHD diagnosis in the United States?
b
What is the co-occurrence of ADHD and brain damage?
c
How do parents react to an ADHD diagnosis?
d
Where are ADHD prevalence rates the highest?
C, because it is conceptual despite ADHD being a biomedical question
what kind of questions do qualitative research answer
how or why in-depth
what is saturation
the point where you feel satisfied that you have learned all that you can know about a phenomenon in your specific dataset because the data is becoming repetitive
Janea is studying all of the ways in which toddlers respond to their first experience with a smartphone. After observing over 100 kids, Janea has grouped all responses into “tap on screen,” “stare at it,” and “throw it.” The next 20 kids all do one of these three things, and Janea is satisfied that she has a comprehensive understanding of all of the ways toddlers respond to smartphones for the first time. What best describes the stage of Janea’s research?
a
stratification
b
inquiry
c
flexibility
d
saturation
d, data is becoming repitative
how are qualitative methods exploratory?
when you dont know much about the topic, you can get more information through asking open-ended questions about the topic
what are the 4 characteristics of qualitative research
- it answers how and why questions
-it aims to understand a topic holistically
-it is exploratory
-it is thematic
some examples of qualitative research
participant observation, in-depth interviews, focus groups, case studies, naturalistic methods
explain how qualitative research aims to be holistic
the data can go beyond the responses of the participants like you can take into account body language or the tone used in responding
how is qualitative research an iterative process
repeated data collection and analysis until the phenomenon is understood to the researchers’ satisfaction
what is a theme
a pattern that emerges from qualitative data
Although there are many overlaps with quantitative methods, qualitative methods tend to be ______________, meaning that we can learn about what we intended to study, as well as other relevant aspects to the study, that we did not first consider when designing it.
a
holistic
b
thematic
c
accepted
d
biased
A
why does qualitative research use stratification?
because they do not assess prevalence and it helps them find a sample that can give them a good answer for their question
what is the cost of qualitative research using smaller samples
it has a lower external validity
describe the grounded theory approach
it is an approach where new data is compared to existing data in a cycle until data saturation is reached; “constant comparative method”
what type of research approach do qualitative theories use (inductive or deductive)
inductive (end with theory)
describe ethnography
studies patterns between people and cultures
what is phenomenology
humanistic psychology wherein data is individualistic and is not comparable to each other
what is a conceptual framework and what is its purpose in qualitative research
organization of research ideas and research questions to achieve the purpose of the research; here you will identify the variables and current questions `
describe the sample size in qualitative data
large enough to describe the issue but small enough to find data saturation; it is stratified (participants are grouped based on characteristics)
what is instrumentation
finding the method of how you will measure your phenomenon i.e. what questions you want to ask, what way they will be asked
Why are in-depth interviews common in psychology?
a
They allow participants to describe psychological phenomena in great detail.
b
They make it easier to count phenomenon.
c
Talking about problems is always healthy for people.
d
People naturally prefer talking to people face-to-face than participating in a survey.
A
what are probes
further questioning when presented with a close-ended answer; they elicit more detail
what is the best mode of analysis to increase reliability and transparency of research
transcription which is when you record or write the data gathered word-for-word
what is qualitative coding and what is its purpose
the act of assigning short terms or phrases to describe a larger concept so that large amounts of textual data can be managed
what is deductive coding?
using codes that originate from the research question themselves
what is inductive coding
examines responses to direct questions and emerging concepts and response categories
what is a codebook?
list of thematic codes with what can be included for the specific code; basically describing the code so that you can categorize responses to each code
talk about inter-rater reliability in qualitative research
more than one rater or coder is important to remove bias but you have to equate the codes by measuring the percentage agreement (Cohen’s kappa)
what is cohen’s kappa
measuring percent of agreement for inter-rater reliability (at least 80%)
Why is establishing inter-rater reliability important?
a
to ensure that the coding is grounded
b
to ensure that the codes are appropriately transcribed
c
to ensure that the codes are reliably applied across the data set
d
to ensure that the interviewer asked valid questions
C
In the above example, Superman was both a coder and coding manager. What is one advantage of Superman serving in both roles?
a
Superman knew the data well and could thus best evaluate coding errors.
b
Superman could be biased because he was invested in the data analysis process.
c
It was cheaper and easier for Superman to serve in both roles since he was already immersed in the data and part of the overall team.
d
Superman wanted to be part of the analysis team because he felt like he had a better idea than other potential coders about what the participants really meant to say
C
what is a mixed methods research?
methodology for conducting research that integrates quantitative and qualitative research
what is triangulation and its relationship to mixed methods
triangulation is employing more than one form of data collection and using mixed methods increases this chance since you ask both qualitative and quantitative questions
Triangulation is important in qualitative research because it does which of the following?
a
enhances the potential validity of the study
b
is easier to do than one single method
c
is cheaper than one method
d
enhances the reliability of the study
A
Which of the following examples illustrates a mixed-methods study?
a
Participants rate the extent to which it is crucial to their identity that they are the primary breadwinner in their family.
b
Participants rate how often that they swear per day, and then they describe in detail the last situation in which they swore.
B
