lecture 13

Question 1

what are factors in research designs (things that must be done for it to be considered research)

Answer 1

• random assignment to groups
• presence of control groups or conditions
• manipulation of the variables

Question 2

what do single-case experiments lack that are found in a true experiment

Answer 2

random assignment and control groups

Question 3

what do quasi-experiments lack that are found in a true experiment

Answer 3

random assignment

Question 4

Which statement represents a quasi-experimental design?

a
The researcher developed a treatment program for individuals with PTSD and randomly assigned participants into the treatment and control groups.

b
The researcher wanted to learn more about a treatment for anxiety so she randomly assigned participants into treatment and control groups.

c
The researcher assessed health symptoms in deployed versus non-deployed veterans from the Gulf War.

d
The researcher randomly assigned students with ADHD into a neurofeedback group or a group that worked on homework with a tutor.

Answer 4

C

Question 5

what is the difference between a case study and a single-case experiment

Answer 5

the single-case experiment includes manipulating a variable

Question 6

what is a case study

Answer 6

in-depth investigation of a single case of interest and it is done through simple observation

Question 7

what is an example of a single-case experiment?

Answer 7

checking for the effect of a treatment on an individual

Question 8

How do single participant experiments compare to group designs?

a
Single participant experiments have about the same statistical power as group designs.

b
Single participant experiments feature higher statistical power than group designs.

c
Single participant experiments feature lower statistical power than group designs.

d
It is not possible to assess the statistical power of single participant experiments, but you can assess statistical power in group designs.

Answer 8

B

Question 9

Which of the following is typical of participants in single case designs?

a
Two participants are randomly assigned into two treatment conditions.

b
A group of individuals, all with one disorder, are randomly assigned to a treatment condition or a control group.

c
One individual is chosen to be studied over time without any intervention technique.

d
A participant is included in the study because the variable of interest is present in that person.

Answer 9

D

Question 10

what is a reversal design

Answer 10

it is when the participant undergoes a treatment and then the treatment is take away for them to go back to baseline level and then they are given the treatment again

Question 11

what is a multiple baseline design

Answer 11

time is staggered between interventions and it is observed over time

Question 12

what is a quasi-experiment variable

Answer 12

a variable that cannot be randomly assigned; ex-post-facto wherein participant assignment is already predetermined ex. age, marital status, gender

Question 13

what is a quasi-experimental design

Answer 13

it is when you cannot use random assignment for participants because of quasi-experimental variables or an event where you cannot control who participates in it and what happens

Question 14

describe the quasi-experiment design called: one-group post-test only

Answer 14

event -> post test
participants undergo an event and are only tested once after the event

Question 15

describe the quasi-experiment design called: one-group pre-test/post-test

Answer 15

pre-test -> event -> post test
only a single group of participants undergo event and are tested before and after the event (repeated measures design)

Question 16

describe the quasi-experiment design called: non-equivalent control group post-test only

Answer 16

when there is a control group that doesn’t undergo the event and used to compare to a group that underwent the event but data is only recorded after the event

Question 17

describe the quasi-experiment design called: pre-test/post-test non-equivalent control group

Answer 17

when there is a control group that doesn’t undergo the event and used to compare to a group that underwent the event and data is recorded before and after the event

Question 18

describe the threat to internal validity in a quasi-experiment: instrumental decay/change

Answer 18

it is when the method of collecting data changes

Question 19

describe the threat to internal validity in a quasi-experiment: history

Answer 19

when data is collected over a long period of time so things might have changed that could affect the DV

Question 20

describe the threat to internal validity in a quasi-experiment: maturation

Answer 20

usually deals with people who are younger than adults since a lot of changes occur during that age

Question 21

describe the threat to internal validity in a quasi-experiment: testing

Answer 21

this is when individuals improve after being exposed to the test (IV)

Question 22

describe the threat to internal validity in a quasi-experiment: participant attrition

Answer 22

some participants can drop out of experiment

Question 23

describe the threat to internal validity in a quasi-experiment: self-selection to groups

Answer 23

people decide where they want to be and that it out of the control of the experimenters

Question 24

what is a cohort design under quasi-experiments

Answer 24

it is when participants do not experience the event of interest at the start of the measure but still are followed over time

Question 25

what is a case-control design under quasi-experiments

Answer 25

researchers take note of a behavior at first and then they measure potential causes for the behavior

Question 26

what is a time-series quasi-experimental design

Answer 26

it is a longitudinal design with repeated measures over time especially things that are related to aging

Question 27

Naomi wants to investigate the effects of a campaign by her campus Health Center designed to reduce vaping among the student body. She collects multiple surveys of vaping frequency before and after the campaign. She wants to know whether the campaign has different effects on students who vape tobacco only, marijuana only, or both. Which type of design is Naomi using?

a
a cohort design

b
a cross-sectional design

c
a case-control design

d
a time-series design