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422 Virology > lecture 9/10- canine virology > Flashcards

lecture 9/10- canine virology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the family and subfamily of canine herpes virus 1?

A

family: Herpesviridae
subfamily: Alphaherpesvirinae

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2
Q

you are presented with an adult dog who has mild rhinitis, vesicular vaginitis, and posthitis. the owner describes these signs as “on and off”.

what is your top differential?

A

canine herpes virus 1

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3
Q

what happens when a pregnant dog is infected with herpes virus?

A

early fetal loss, late term abortion, stillbirth, or birth of compromised neonates

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4
Q

you suspect canine herpes virus 1 in a neonatal dog that you are doing a necropsy on. what is a pathognomonic sign that you would expect to see grossly and histologically on the kidneys?

A

petechiae in renal cortex and radiating hemorrhage of renal pelvis.

histo: eosinophilic intracellular inclusions and tubular necrosis of parenchyma (this is in lungs too)

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5
Q

what organs show gross lesions when a dog is infected with canine herpes virus? what are the gross lesions?

A

kidney- petechiae / hemorrhage, necrosis
liver- necrosis and hemorrhage
lung- necrotizing interstitial pneumonitis
eyes- diffuse corneal oedema and mature cataract
brain- viral staining on histo

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6
Q

true or false: lesions of herpes virus in adult dogs are pathognomonic

A

false- pathognomonic in neonates

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7
Q

what does canine herpes virus look like histologically

A

Epithelial cells contain round, eosinophilic, intranuclear inclusion bodies surrounded by a clear halo and marginated chromatin

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8
Q

is there a vaccine for canine herpes?

A

nope

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9
Q

can colostrum protect puppy from herpesvirus ?

A

yes

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10
Q

how do adult dogs become infected with herpesvirus?

A

sexual or respiratory transmission

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11
Q

how do neonate dogs become infected with herpesvirus?

A

ingestion, inhalation, birth canal, contact, fomites

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12
Q

how can fetuses become infected with canine herpesvirus?

A

in utero

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13
Q

what is the structure and replication strat of canine herpes

A

enveloped ds DNA

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14
Q

what family and genus is infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) a part of?

A

family: adenoviridae
genus: mastadenovirus

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15
Q

what is the structure and replication strategy of infectious canine hepatitis ?

A

naked (with projecting fibres), dsDNA

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16
Q

which adenovirus is responsible for ICH?

A

CAV-1

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17
Q

what do the fibres on adenoviruses do?

A
  • hemagglutinating activity
  • mediate attachment of virus to cellular receptors
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18
Q

in what part of a cell do adenoviruses replicate?

A

nuclei

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19
Q

what is ICH susceptible to? what is it not susceptible to ?

A

susceptible to: iodine, phenol, sodium hydroxide, and heating for 5 mins

stable in environment (naked virus!)

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20
Q

which dogs are at risk of disease associated with ICH?

A

under one year or unvaccinated

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21
Q

during the acute phase of viral transmission of ICH, virus is excreted in ______, _____, and ______.

how long is the acute phase?

A

saliva, feces, and respiratory mucus

5-10 days

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22
Q

during the chronic phase of viral transmission of ICH, virus is excreted in ______.

how long is the chronic phase?

A

urine

10-14 days for up to 6-9 months

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23
Q

how is ICH transmitted?

A

contact with fomites, oronasal exposure, ectoparasites and vectors

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24
Q

what type of hypersensitivity is an arthus reaction? what canine disease is associated with this?

A

type 3 hypersensitivy

associated with infectious canine hepatitis

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25
Q

true or false: canine hepatitis is commonly spread through aerosols

A

false- this is unlikely. more likely contact with fomites, oronasal exposure, or ectoparasites

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26
Q

how does type 3 hypersensitivity cause pathogenesis in blood vessels?

A
  1. increased vascular permeability
  2. immunocomplexes deposit on blood vessel wall
  3. platelet aggregation and compliment activation
  4. neutrophils come…
  5. damage to vessel wall
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27
Q

during the cytopathic phase of ICH, where do viruses replicate? what pathogenisis does each cause? (3)

A

hepatocytes- acute hepatitis, incracellular inclusions, chronic hepatitis persist…
renal tubule cells- nephritis, virus shed in urine
vascular endothelial cells- hemorrhage, DIC, intranuclear inclusions

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28
Q

circulating immune complexes of ICH deposit in… which leads to…

A

deposition in renal glomeruli-glomerulonephritis

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29
Q

local immunocomplexes of ICH lead to…

A

corneal edema, opacity, and anterior uveitis (blue eyes!)

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30
Q

a dog presents with a slight fever, lethargy, mucous membrane congestion, tendor abdomen, jaundice, and vomiting. he also has significant cataract. what is a disease you might be worried about?

A

infectious canine hepatitis

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31
Q

why do dogs with ICH sometimes get blue eyes? does it go away?

A

type 3 hypersensitivity reaction/arthus reaction

resolves spontaneously

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32
Q

you are doing a necropsy on a dog and find the following gross lesions:
- multifocal lung hemorrhages
- thickened and enlarged gallbladder
- segmental hemorrhagic enteritis
- hemorrhagic lymph nodes
- hemorrhage on oral mucosa
- enlarged liver (friable and yellow discoloration)
- brain hemorrhage

what is a virus you are worried about

A

ICH

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33
Q

what does ICH look like on histo

A

basophilic intracellular inclusions surrounded by a clear zone
centrilobular necrosis

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34
Q

clinically, how would you diagnose ICH?

A

consider clinical signs, hematological findings, liver enzyme (increase ALT)

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35
Q

what role to wild carnivores play in regard to ICH spread?

A

they are reservoirs for the virus , but are often subclinical (still spreading!!)

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36
Q

does maternal immunity protect against ICH? for how long?

A

yes for 5-7 weeks, but by 14-16 weeks wane completely

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37
Q

so how do we control ICH?

A

environmental control - this is tough tho because virus is naked (can use iodine, phenol, sodium hydroxide, and heating)
control vectors - wild carnivores and ectoparasites
vaccinate!!

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38
Q

what are the vaccine options for ICH?

what is something to note about modern vaccines

A

killed vaccines for CAV-1
modified live vaccines for CAV-1
modified live vaccines for CAV-2

modern modified live vaccines contain either CAV-1 or CAV-2, but either protects against hepatitis and cough. note these vaccines each have pros and cons

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39
Q

what is kennel cough now known as

A

canine respiratory disease complex or canine infectious tracheobronchitis

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40
Q

what is the viral etiology of of CRDC? 3

A

canine parainfluenza virus (common)
canine adenovirus 2
canine distemper virus

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41
Q

what is the common bacterial etiology of CRDC?

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica

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42
Q

how are viruses associated with CRDC transmitted?

A

viruses shed in ocular and respiratory secretions (aerosolized microdroplets, direct contact, fomites)

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43
Q

how long are viruses associated with CRDC shed following infection?

A

8-10 days

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44
Q

where do CRDC viruses replicate

A

respiratory epithelium

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45
Q

an adult dog presents with a harsh dry honking cough, watery nasal discharge, pharyngitis, and tonsilitis, BUT is not systemically ill

what are you worried about?

A

uncomplicated CRDC/canine infectious tracheobronchitis

viruses are: CPiV, CAV-2, CDV
bacteria: B. bronchiseptica

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46
Q

you are presented with a young unvaccinated pup (or immunocomp or elderly) who has had respiratory signs over the last few days, but has now progressed to being lethargic, has a severe fever, and is inapp.

what are you worried about?

A

complicated CRDC/canine infectious tracheobronchitis

need to treat!

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47
Q

what vaccines are there for CRDC/kennel cough/CIT

A
  • modified live virus vaccines for distemper, CPiV, and CAV-2 (also protects against CAV-1)
  • also Bordetella vaccine!
  • also combo of bordetella and parainfluenza (intranasal)
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48
Q

what family is canine influenza a part of? which type of influenza is it

A

orthomyxoviridae

type A influenza

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49
Q

explain how antigenic drift has influenced influenza in dogs. be specific about the strain (H__N__)

A

equine H3N8 mutated and became infectious to dogs (antigenic drift). now this virus is capable of spreading among the canine population

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50
Q

where does canine influenza replicate

A

epithelial cells of respiratory tract (ciliary shafts) and alveolar macrophages

51
Q

what is H5N1? how does it relate to canine influenza

A

highly pathogenic avian influenza

there have been a couple of cases of dogs eating raw bird meat and becoming infected with H5N1. these dogs do get sick and some die

52
Q

what kind of virus is canine distemper virus

A

Morbillivirus

53
Q

who can be infected by canine distemper?

A

so many animals !

54
Q

what is the primary reservoir for canine distemper virus

A

unvaccinated dogs (including feral)

55
Q

how many serotypes of CDV are there?

A

1

56
Q

where does variation of CDV occur, genetically

A

H-gene variation leads to several genotypes

57
Q

what are acute signs of CDV?

A

fever, conjunctivitis, anorexia, V+, D+

58
Q

where does CDV replicate

A

lymph organs

59
Q

what are chronic signs of CDV?

A

ataxia, tremors, mycoclonus, seizures, moribund

60
Q

what fluids/exudates contain CDV

A

respiratory, ocular, urine, feces, skin, etc

61
Q

where does CDV initially replicate?

A

oral pharynx

62
Q

if there is no antibody response to CDV, what happens to the dog?

A

severe, multisystemic illness

virus persists in tissues

death or recover with CNS signs

63
Q

what body systems are impacted by CVD?

A

GI, CNS, respiratory

64
Q

if a dogs’ CNS is infected with CVD what is its prognosis? what are 4 possible outcomes?

A

poor prognosis

4 outcomes are:
- seizures, mycoclonus, death
- old dog encephalitis
- hard pad disease, death
- few recover

65
Q

what is the prognosis of a dog who is infected with the GI form of CDV? what are the clinical signs

A

good prognosis (some do die tho)

watery D+, V+

66
Q

what is the prognosis of a dog who is infected with the respiratory form of CDV? what are the clinical signs

A

good prognosis

coughing, pneumonia

67
Q

can CDV be subclinical?

A

yes!

68
Q

enamel hypoplasia is a sign of which canine virus? why?

A

CDV in dogs less than 6 months old

ameloblasts are still producing enamel at this point soo direct viral infection destroys ameloblasts and leads to enamel hypoplasia in developing teeth

69
Q

what is hard pad dz? which virus is it associated with? what form?

A

hyperkeratosis of foot pads

associated with CDV and often accompanies neurological distemper

70
Q

hard pad dz is likely caused by an up regulation of ____

A

cytokeratin

71
Q

what does histo look like on a dog with hard pad disease? what virus causes this

A

hyperplastic epithelium with inclusion bodies

caused by CDV

72
Q

where are inclusion bodies found with CDV?

A

nucleus AND cytoplasm

73
Q

what is seen histologically with CDV in the brain? 3 things

A

intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies
perivascular cuffing
demyelination

74
Q

should we worry about CDV in wildlife populations?

A

yes!!

75
Q

can you use PCR to diagnose CDV?

A

nooo RT-PCR

76
Q

what is the problem with using serological assays to diagnose CDV?

A

we vaccinate against it in domestic dogs - so hard to distinguish between acquired CDV and vaccine induced immune response

77
Q

what is a positive and 2 negatives associated with the live attenuated and modified CDV vaccines? are there other options?

A

pos: long lasting immunity

con: not for immunosuppressed or pregnant animal, can be fatal in mink and ferrets

there are also recombinant canarypox vectored vaccines and inactivated vaccines

78
Q

what animals are resistant to rabies

A

birds, amphibians, and reptiles

79
Q

what is replication strat and structure of rabies

A

-ss RNA, enveloped

80
Q

what family and genus is rabies a part of

A

rhabdoviridae
Lyssavirus

81
Q

what is the geological distribution of rabies

A

everywhere except new zealand!

82
Q

what are the reservoirs for rabies in Canada?

A

bats, skunks, raccoons, foxes

83
Q

how is rabies transmitted?

A

saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, infected neural tissues

84
Q

for how long do animals excrete rabies virus before clinical signs? cats, cattle, skunks/bats, dogs

A

cats- 1-5 days
cattle- 1-2 days
skunks and bats- up to 14 days
dogs- 1-5 days

85
Q

what is the pathogenesis of rabies virus?

A

1- bite
2- virus in muscle
3- in synaptic cleft
4- anterograde transport of virus towards neural body
5- spinal cord
6- salivary gland

86
Q

what are the two forms of rabies clinical manifestation ? what animals get each ? who gets both

A

furious form- cats
paralytic form- horses, cattle, bats
both- dogs

87
Q

does rabies always result in death

A

yes

88
Q

what are negril bodies? which virus gets these?

A

intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies that are found in nerve cells of medulla and other ganglia

rabieeesss

89
Q

you are doing a necropsy on the brain of a dog and find hemorrhage, negril bodies, perivascular cuffs, and degenerating neurons. what should you probably be suspicious of?

A

rabies

90
Q

how is rabies diagnosed? who does it? what test is best?

A

need to identify virus in brain tissue (medulla oblongata and cerebellum)

CFIA does this

test- direct fluorescent antibody test

91
Q

what vaccine options are there for rabies

A

modified live, recomb, inactivated

92
Q

can wildlife be vaccinated for rabies? how is this done

what are the issues?

A

oral vaccines used to control rabies in foxes, coyotes, and raccoons

cannot control dose, cannot guarantee non-targeted animals won’t eat them, displacement

93
Q

what are the core vaccines for dogs

A

canine distemper
infectious canine hepatitis
canine parvovirus
rabies

94
Q

what are the non-core vaccines for dogs

A

bordetellosis
canine parainfluenza virus
leptospirosis
borreliosis (lyme)
coronavirus

95
Q

what are the top 3 canine viruses that cause enteritis

A

rotavirus
coronavirus
parvovirus

96
Q

what is the structure and replication style of parvovirus

A

naked ssDNA

97
Q

what is the structure and replication style of rotavirus

A

naked dsDNA

98
Q

what is the structure and replication style of coronavirus

A

enveloped ss RNA

99
Q

what family is canine parvo in

A

parvoviridae

100
Q

what are the two types of canine parvovirus

A

CPV-1: minute virus of canines
CPV-2: has two antigen types (a and B)

101
Q

how is canine parvo transmitted

A

fecal-oral
indirect with fomites

102
Q

what are 3 manifestations of canine parvo

A

lymphopenia
enteritis
neonatal myocarditis

103
Q

can parvovirus go to placenta in dogs? how does this impact the fetus?

A

yes- can lead to myocarditis (which leads to sudden death or CHF then death)

104
Q

what cells do canine parvo virus infect

A

crypt cells (stem cells- actively dividing)

105
Q

why does canine parvo need to target cells that are actively dividing

A

unlike other DNA viruses, parvoviruses are unable to switch on DNA synthesis in host cells

106
Q

what happens if you vaccinate for canine parvo before window of susceptibility ?

when should we vaccinate then?

A

vaccine will neutralize maternal antibodies

vaccinate from 9 weeks to 16-20 weeks, 2-3 weeks apart

107
Q

what is the family of CCoV

A

coronaviridae

108
Q

what are the serotypes of CCoV

A

CCoV-I and CCoV-II

109
Q

what is the replication strat and structure of CCoV

A

enveloped, positive sense ssRNA

110
Q

how are CCoV and SARS-CoV related?

A

same family, dif genera (alpha in dogs, ___ fix this___ in covid pandemic)

111
Q

what is seen grossly if a dog is infected with pantropic CCoV

A

lung- pneumonia in caudal lobe, fibrin
kidney- cortex hemorrhage, coagulative necrosis

112
Q

what strain of coronavirus is associated with resp signs in dogs

A

canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV)

113
Q

how is canine enteric corona transmitted

A

fecal oral route

114
Q

what cells are targeted by canine corona? how does this effect functionality

A

mature enterocytes

become shorter –> nonfunctional

115
Q

what is characteristic of canine corona, histologically

A

short villi

116
Q

what color is D+ from canine corona

A

orange (versus bloody with parvo)

117
Q

does canine coronavirus vaccine protect against resp and enteric corona?

A

no- just enteric

118
Q

what family is rotavirus in

A

reoviridae

119
Q

what is the structure and replication strat of canine rota

A

naked, dsRNA, segmented genome

120
Q

how is canine rotavirus transmitted

A

fecal oral

121
Q

what is seen histologically with canine rotavirus

A

immature enteroocytes (short villi)

122
Q

what is the only virus which produces enterotoxins

A

rotavirus

123
Q

what protein is responsible for enterochromaffin cell stimulation to make enterotoxins? what virus?

A

non structural protein 4 (NSP4)

canine rotavirus

124
Q

is there a vaccine for canine rotavirus

A

nope

422 Virology (15 decks)

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