lecture 11/12- feline virology Flashcards
what is FIP?
feline infectious peritonitis
what kind of virus is FIP?
coronavirus (mutated FeCV)
how does the replication of FIP differ from FeCV?
FeCV only replicates in epithelial cells lining the gut (enterocytes)
FIP infects and replicates in macrophages / monocytes –> spreads infection systemically
does FIPV or FeCV remain in the body without signs for years?
FeCV
why is diffucult to diagnose FIP with RT-PCR?
short viremia (peak at 7 days)
is FIPV transmissible from cat to cat?
no- only experimentally
(unsure why)
what are the symptoms if a cat is infected with FeCoV?
usually asymptomatic, sometimes enteritis, (VERY RARE: fatal enteritis)
how do FCoV I and II differ in regards to their infection patterns?
FCoV I: transiently infected for 2-3 months, then either free of virus or are persistently infected (carriers)
FCoVII: shed virus for 2 weeks , no carriers
what are the 4 possible outcomes if a cat is infected with FCoV?
- resistent (5-10%)
- transient infection (70%)
- persistent infection (13%)
- FIP (1-3%)
what is the structure and replication strategy of coronaviruses?
+ ssRNA, enveloped, large
where is the FIP mutation situated?
spike protein cleavage site
how did FCoV type 2 strains come to be?
double recombination
a cat presents with a distended abdomen, fever, high specific gravity of ascites fluid, and opthalmological signs… what are you concerned about?
FIP
what might you see in the eyes of a cat that would make you suspicious of FIP?
ocular lesions, uveitis, discolorization
what is more difficult to diagnose, wet or dry FIP?
dry FIP is more difficult to diagnose
what makes dry FIP differ from wet FIP?
in the wet form, obvious fluid build-up is present within the abdomen and chest.
In the dry form, inflammatory cells accumulate in various organs, such as the liver, kidneys, eyes, and brain.
why would you look for mRNA in blood to diagnose FIP? (Antech has a test for this)
indicates active replication of virus in blood
not a definitive test
what are the treatment options for FIP
hush hush black market drug (GS)
what is FIV
Feline immunodeficiency virus
what is FeLV
feline leukemia virus
what is the family and genus of FIV?
family: retroviridae
genus: Lentivirus
what is the family and genus of FeLV
Retroviridae
gammaretrovirus
what is the structure and replication strategy of lentiviruses?
what cat viruses is are lentiviruses
+ ssRNA
enveloped
surface proteins,
with dimers of
single-stranded
RNA
retrovirus
FIV
what are the clades of FIV? which are in Canada?
A, B, C, D
Canada has B and C
what are the coreceptors of FIV? what human disease is this identical to?
CXCR4 and CCR5
identical to HIV
in what cells does FIV replicate?
differentiated cells like B-cells, Astrocytes, Mφ,
CD4+ and CD8+ T cells
how is FIV transmitted?
bite wounds, bodily fluid (like HIV)
what are the stages of FIV infection?
acute phase: mild febrile
asymptomatic phase: slow progression
symptomatic phase/AIDS
immunologically, what happens to lymphocytes when a cat is infected with FIV
over time, CD4+ and T cells decrease, thus making the immune system of cats highly susceptible to severe disease.
an older cat has been into your vet clinic repeatedly with various infectious and illnesses…. what alarm bells might go off? what should you do now?
FIV- AIDS
do the snap test
can you manage FIV? how?
yes - avoid stressful situations, prevent fighting / opportunities for infection
what cats are at a higher risk for FIV?
- shelter / rescues cats
- strays
- outdoor cats
- intact males
remember, fighting is a common way that the virus is transmitted!!!
a cat presents for being dyspnic. she has enlarged lymph nodes and tumors everywhere… what are we worried about
FeLV
How is FeLV transmitted
— contact with saliva during (mutual grooming and, sharing of food dishes)
— Nasal secretions
— blood
— Feces
— mother’s milk
what are the possible outcomes if a cat is exposed to FeLV?
1) complete virus elimination
(“regressor cat” with high
levels of neutralizing Abs and
don’t ever experience
systemic viral spread) or 2)
transient viremia [both can
happen within days of
exposure]
transient viremia can progress
to viremia in ~3 weeks,
resulting in either a latent
infection or lifelong infection
after 3-13 wks; latent
infections develop an immune
response that contains viral
replication but does not
eliminate the virus while lifelong
infection has the virus actively
replicating in local lymphoid
tissues (bone marrow,
mucosal and glandular
epithelial tissues)
at what age are cats typically infected with FeLV?
younger than 16 weeks
what is the most important factor that determines the clinical outcome of a cat infected with FeLV?
age!!! rare to be infected after 16 weeks
what are the clinically important subgroups of FeLV? which group is the natural original infection?
A, B, C, T
All naturally infected cats are originally infected by FeLV-A, or its
mutants.
FeLV-A and enFeLV can recombine to form
FeLV-B
true or false: FeLV-B needs FeLV-A as a helper virus to enable full replication
true
FeLV-A and enFeLV can recombine to form FeLV-B… there can be more than one B-vairant withn a cat
when should you vaccinate a cat for FeLV? what are you concerned about if you do vaccinate?
only recommended for outdoor cats (or consider the lifestyle)
concerned about injection site sarcomas with vaccines in cats
what feline virus causes viral rhinotracheitis
feline herpesvirus
what is the geographical distribution of FHV?
worldwide
what is the order, family, subfamily, and genus of FHV?
Herpesvirales
Herpesviridae
Alphaherpesvirinae
Varicellovirus
what is the replication strat of FHV
herpes so dsNA
establishes latency / can be reactivated
a cat presents with sneezing, nasal discharge, conjunctival hyperameia, and serous discharge. what virus is your top differential?
FHV (classical acute disease)
which virus describes the following clinical signs:
nasal and facial ulcerated and crust forming lesions, severe systemic signs, coughing, death
FHV (atypical disease)
what virus is associated with “fading kitten syndrome”
FHV atypical acute disease
what is seen with chronic /immune mediated disease of FHV
corneal oedema, vascularisation, blindness, chronic sneezing, nasal discharge
what is FCV
feline calicivirus
what is the family and genus of FCV?
Caliciviridae
Vesivirus
what is the structure/replication strat of FCV?
small, single, + RNA
how is FCV spread in cats with acute disease
oral and nasal secretions
what is the transmission pattern of FCV
shed in oral and nasal secretions during acute phase, and continues shedding for at least 30 days post-infection
several shed for years or lifelong
true or false: FCV is NOT widespread
false- it is widespread
a cat presents sneezing, has serous nasal discharge, and has oral ulcerations (as well as fever and anorexia)….. what virus are you concerned about
feline calicivirus (FCV)
cats infected with FCV are often coinfected with…. (3)
FHV, chlamydia felis, or Mycoplasma felis
what is a distinctive gross lesion of FCV
oral ulcerations
does FCV usually resolve spontaneously?
yessir- after a few days
you still might wanna treat symptoms though
is disease more severe in young or old cats when infected with FCV
young cats get more severe dz
what virus is associated with feline chronic gingivostomatitis ? what is this?
FCV
FCGS is debilitating feline dental disease marked by severe and chronic inflammation of a cat’s gingiva and mucosa
what feline virus is associated with limping syndrome? does it go away?
FCV- yes it goes away
what feline virus is associate with paw and mouth disease? where does this occur, geographically
FCV- is rare and occurs in Australia
with really really severe FCV, what is a possible disease? does it have a high mortality? can we vaccinate?
VS-FCV (virulent systemic)
facial edema (vasculitis) and hair loss
high mortality
vaccines do not protect
what kind of virus is feline panleukopenia?
parvovirus
what is structure and replication strat of FPV? what does this mean regarding stability of the virus
non enveloped, small, ss DNA (its parvo)
VERY environmentally stable
where does FPV replicate?
lymphoid tissues (thymus, spleen, bone marrow) and other rapidly dividing cells (intestine, bone marrow, and embryonic tissue)
what happens after intrauterine infection of FPV?
FPV antigen is present in cerebellum of kittens for weeks
true or false: persistent infection and viral shedding is common with FPV
false
what body systems would be impacted if a kitten becomes infected with FPV?
CNS (cerebellum)
GI
what is H5N1
highly pathogenic avian influenza
what is the significance of H5N1 in regards to feline disease?
H5N1 infection has been documented in tigers after eating infected chicken carcasses
what is significant regarding cats and cowpox? how is it transmitted? should you be concerned?
they can get it!
transmitted through rodents
zoonotic - yes use precautions
what is a potential pathology of cowpox infection in cats?
pulmonary cowpox
how can Sars-CoV-2 be transmitted between cats and humans? what is the genus ?
human to cat
cat to cat
cat to human not documented, but likely possible
genus is Betacoronavirus
