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422 Virology > lecture 6 and 7- porcine virology > Flashcards

lecture 6 and 7- porcine virology Flashcards

1
Q

what is TGEV? what kind of virus?

A

transmissible gastroenteritis virus

it is 1 of the 3 porcine coronaviruses

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2
Q

what is PEDV? what kind of virus is it?

A

porcine epidemic diarrhea virus

it is 1 of the 3 porcine coronaviruses

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3
Q

what is SDCV? what kind of virus?

A

swine delta coronavirus

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4
Q

what are the 3 porcine coronaviruses?

A

TGEV (transmissible gastroenteritis virus)
PDEV (porcine epidemic diarrhea virus)
swine delta coronavirus (SDCV)

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5
Q

true or false: porcine can be infected with coronaviruses during any production phase?

A

true

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6
Q

true or false: porcine can be infected with rotavirus during any production phase?

A

false- they can only be infected during the suckling or weaning phase

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7
Q

what are the gross lesions of porcine rotavirus / porcine coronaviruses?

A

dehydrated carcass, watery intestinal contents, thin walled intestines

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8
Q

what are histological observations of porcine rotavirus / porcine coronaviruses?

A

stunted intestinal villi and viral antigens in villi

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9
Q

if diarrhea appears in waves in individual litters or groups of litters in the second half of lactation, is it more likely rotavirus or a coronavirus?

A

rotavirus

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10
Q

if there is a sudden outbreak of scour involving large numbers of litters with acute diarrhea and high mortality, is it more likely rotavirus or a coronavirus

A

coronavirus

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11
Q

what is the etiology of porcine epidemic diarrhea ?

A

coronavirus

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12
Q

how does age impact the mortality of pigs infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea?

A

suckling pigs have up to 100% mortality, while older pigs have much lower mortality

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13
Q

how can you clinically distinguish between which porcine coronavirus is the cause of an infection?

A

you cant

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14
Q

what is the incubation period of PED?

A

3-4 days

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15
Q

which gives more info about virus, detecting protein or genome? why?

A

detecting for the viral protein gives more info because we can tell if it is actively replicating

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16
Q

what samples can be taken to test for PED?

A

feces, oral fluid, small intestine, serum for antibodies

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17
Q

which of the following tests will NOT detect PED?

RT-PCR
PCR
ELISA
immunohistochemistry
virus isolation
ELISA serological test

A

PCR- this is an RNA virus so needs to be RT

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18
Q

can piglets be protected from PED by maternal antibodies in colostrum?

A

yes

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19
Q

true or false: mortality rates in SDCV is higher than in PED

A

false, mortality is lower in SDCV

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20
Q

how is TGEV related to porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCoV)

A

PRCoV is a mutant of TGEV with a deletion of 225 amino acids in spike protein (it replicates in respiratory tract vs GI)

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21
Q

which animals are at the highest risk of mortality with TGE?

A

young animals, just like all coronaviruses

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22
Q

where does rotavirus replicate? is this different from coronavirus?

A

mature enterocytes, just like coronavirus

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23
Q

what is the pathology of coronavirus and rotaviruses replicating in mature enterocytes?

A

infection of respiratory tract –> replication in mature enterocytes –> enterocytes slough off –> decreased enzymes –> water not reabsorbed –> diarrhea

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24
Q

what body system is most affected by porcine parvovirus?

A

reproductive

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25
Q

what family is PPV a part of?

A

parvoviridae

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26
Q

what is SMEDI syndrome

A

stillbirths
mummification
embryonic death
infertility

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27
Q

in what animal does parvovirus cause SMEDI syndrome?

A

porcine (and feline?)

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28
Q

how is PPV transmitted?

A
  • virus secreted in feces and other fluids
  • sow to fetus transmission in seronegative animals
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29
Q

what are the 3 possible outcomes if a pregnant sow is infected with PPV?

A

1) early embryonic death and resorption
2) fetal death and mummification
3) survival and seropositivity

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30
Q

if a sow is infected with PPV before day 70 of gestation, will the fetus surive?

A

unlikely

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31
Q

what kind of placenta do sows have? does this make it difficult for vertical transmission?

A

epitheliochorial placenta

more difficult (lots of barriers)

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32
Q

a female pig returns to estrus with no apparent reason or delay in parturition and has increased numbers of mummified fetuses and smaller litters

what virus should be considered?

A

PPV

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33
Q

PPV vaccines are all….

A

killed vaccines

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34
Q

what family is pseudorabies a part of?

A

herpesviridae

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35
Q

how is pseudorabies spread?

A

direct, sexual, indirect, aerosol, somites

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36
Q

what is the natural host of pseudorabies?

A

porcine

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37
Q

where does primary replication of pseudorabies occur?

A

respiratory tract

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38
Q

how does pseudorabies spread within pigs?

A

blood, lymph, and nerves

39
Q

what body systems are affected by pseudorabies in pigs?

A

respiratory, nervous, lymph, reproductive

40
Q

what are the clinical signs of pseudorabies in a neonate/suckling pig? what is the % mortality?

A

inability to stand/move, sit like dogs due to posterior paralysis, fever, inapp, V+, other nervous system signs

100% mortality

41
Q

what are the clinical signs of pseudorabies in a weaner/grower/finisher pig? what is the % mortality?

A

respiratory signs

5-10% in weaners
1-2% in growers and finishers

42
Q

what are the clinical signs of pseudorabies in an adult pig? what is the % mortality?

A

mild or unapparent, gilts and sows might have repro problems

43
Q

how does the pathogenesis of pseudorabies differ in animals other than pigs?

A

no blood or lymph transport –> only neurological signs

44
Q

what is the etiology of mad itch?

A

pseudorabies

45
Q

how is pseudorabies diagnosed

A

immunohistochemistry to demonstrate viral antigens

46
Q

how has pseudorabies been eradicated?

A

serologic surveillance, culling, biosecurity, vaccination

47
Q

what family is swine influenza a part of?

A

Orthomyxoviridae

48
Q

how many types of swine influenza are there? what do we care about

A

4 (A-D)

type A* infects animals and humans, (type D infects cattle)

49
Q

how many subtypes of HA and NA are there? (regarding type A influenza viruses)

A

HA (18)
NA (11)

50
Q

what does HA bind to on host cell

A

sialic acid residues

51
Q

what is significant about the receptor types of HA in pigs and quail?

A

pigs can bind to both the avian 2-3 sialic acid receptor (gut and lung) and human 2-6 linked sialic receptor (non-ciliated epithelium of human airway)

this makes pigs a mixing pot for human and avian influenza strains, leading to reassortment and antigenic shift

52
Q

what are 2 requirements of reassortment/antigenic shift

A

1) virus must be segmented
2) multiple virus strains must enter one cell

53
Q

which strain of influenza persists the longest?

A

H1N1

54
Q

what family is PED, SDCV, and TGE a part of?

A

Coronaviridae

55
Q

what is the structure of PED, SDCV, and TGE (given they are a part of Coronaviridae)?

A

enveloped, positive sense

56
Q

what is the replication strat of PED, SDCV, and TGE (given they are a part of Coronaviridae)?

A

ssRNA + (viral genome acts as mRNA)

57
Q

if you delete 225 amino acids from the spike protein of _______, you get PRCoV

A

TGEV

58
Q

what is the structure of PPV?

A

naked, positive sense

59
Q

what is the replication strat of PPV?

A

ssDNA (cellular DNA pol –> dsDNA –> cellular RNA pol2 –> mRNA)

60
Q

what kind of cells are required for parvoviral replication in sows?

A

mitotically active stem cells

61
Q

what is the structure of pseudorabies?

A

enveloped

62
Q

what is the replication strat of pseudorabies?

A

dsDNA (cellular RNA pol2 –> mRNA)

63
Q

what is the structure of swine influenza?

A

enveloped, negative sense

64
Q

what is the replication strat of swine influenza, given it is orthomyxo?

A

ssRNA- (virion RdRp –> mRNA)

65
Q

what is PCV

A

Porcine Circovirus

66
Q

what family is PCV a part of

A

Circoviridae

67
Q

how many PCV strains are there? which is most significant for us to pay attention to?

A

4 (PCV1-4)
PCV2 - most prevalent across the world and has both field observation and experimental reproduction

68
Q

which PCV strain is spread worldwide in both domestic and wild boar populations

A

PCV3

69
Q

what influences the clinical significance of PCV2? 4 things

A

1) difference between PCV2 isolates
2) co infection
3) immune modulation
4) host susceptibility

70
Q

what are the 4 possible outcomes of PCV-2 infection? explain the clinical signs of each

A

1) subclinical infection (no signs, some decreased gain)
2) systemic disease (sig weight loss, ill-thrift, sometimes resp/GI disorders, lymphoid depletion)
3) reproductive disease (abortions/mummifications)
4) dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (dark red papules and macules on skin- usually on hind and perineal area)

71
Q

on histo, which virus shows depleted lymphoid with multinucleated giant cells and lots of viral proteins (when clinical)

A

PCV2

72
Q

what cells do PCVD (derm) target during fetal life and postnatally?

A

fetus- cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, macrophages
postnatally- macrophages

73
Q

how to diagnose PCV2?

A
  • clinical hx
  • post mortem findings
  • immunohistochemistry on lymph tissue
  • PCR
  • qPCR
74
Q

what is the structure of PCV (naked or enveloped)

A

naked

75
Q

what is the replication strat of PCV?

A

ssDNA (cell DNA pol –> dsDNA –> cell RNA pol2)

76
Q

what are 3 things that make the PCV vaccine worth administering

A

1) can be given during gestation
2) cross-protection between PCV2 strains
3) decreases clinical disease (not infection)

77
Q

what is PRRSV?

A

porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus

78
Q

what family is PRRSV in?

A

Arteriviridae

79
Q

what is the structure and repro of PRRSV

A

enveloped positive sense RNA virus

80
Q

how many strains of PRRSV is there? which broad ones are the American and which are the European strains

A

lots of strains! but…

PRRSV-1: European
PRRSV-2: American

81
Q

PRRSV replication lends itself to genetic variability through_____ and ____ , causing numerous straight

A

point mutations and recombination

RNA virus so more mutations!!

82
Q

what type of cells does PRRSV target?

A

macrophages (alveolar, tissue, and lots more)

83
Q

where is PRRSV found during chronic phase?

A

peripheral lymph nodes and tonsils

84
Q

what are the clinical signs of PRRSV

A

-repro problems
- respiratory disease
- cutaneous
- rarely neuro
- blue ears

85
Q

is persistent infection common in PRRSV?

A

yes - chronic for as long as 5 months

86
Q

does PRRSV target the innate or adaptive immune response? what does this result in?

A

innate- results in delayed immune response

87
Q

would RT-PCR be useful in diagnosing PCV (porcine circo) and PRRSV?

A

PCV- NO its a DNA virus so PCR must be done
PRRSV- yes!! :) RNA so RT-PCR

88
Q

is the vaccine for PRRSV helpful in preventing disease

A

yes

89
Q

virus transmission involving inanimate objects such as needles is

A

iatrogenic

90
Q

during herpes virus infection you may observe

A

intermittent virus shedding

91
Q

common viruses that cause porcine respiratory disease

A

pseudorabies (Herpes)
swine influenza (Orthomyxo)
PCV2 (Circo)
PRRSV (Arteri)

92
Q

common viruses that cause porcine reproductive disease

A

PPV (Parvo)
Pseudorabies (Herpes)
PCV2 (Circo)
PRRSV (Arteri)
swine influenza –> fever causes aboriton NOT disease

93
Q

common viruses that cause porcine GI disease?

A

Corona! (PED, TGEV, SDCV)
sometimes PCV2-SD (Circo)

422 Virology (15 decks)

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