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422 Virology > lecture 5- bovine virology > Flashcards

lecture 5- bovine virology Flashcards

1
Q

what is BRDC

A

bovine respiratory disease complex

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2
Q

when does BRDC typically occur

A

first 40 days in a feedlot

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3
Q

what is one bacteria associated with BRDC that may lead to severe outcomes?

A

Mannheimia haemolytica (others too)

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4
Q

what season is BRDC most common

A

winter

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5
Q

what are the 4 viruses associated with BRDC?

A

BHV1/IBR (Bovine Herpesvirus 1 –> infectious bovine rhinotracheitis)
BPIV3 (bovine parainfluenza virus 3)
BRSV (bovine respiratory syncytial virus)
BVDV (bovine viral diarrhea virus –> mucosal disease)

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6
Q

what is BHV1

A

bovine herpesvirus 1

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7
Q

what is BPIV3

A

Bovine parainfluenza type 3

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8
Q

what is BRSV

A

bovine respiratory syncytial virus

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9
Q

which family is BRSV and PI3 a part of?

A

family: paramyxoviridae

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10
Q

what is significant about the genomes of viruses within paramyxovirinae?

A

they have the same genetic building blocks

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11
Q

what subfamily is BRSV a part of?

A

pneumovirinae

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12
Q

when does BRSV flare up?

A

winter, when cold

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13
Q

at what age does BRSV usually infect cattle?

A

<6 months

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14
Q

how is BRSV transmitted?

A

contact or aerosol

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15
Q

what is the prevalence of BRSV in individuals who are older than 3 years old

A

> 95%

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16
Q

what is the duration of shedding of BRSV?

A

1-12 days

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17
Q

what is characteristic of BRSV microscopically?

A

the presence of syncytium (giant, multi-nucleated cells)

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18
Q

what is the % mortality of BRSV?

A

2-3%, but up to 20%

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19
Q

is BRSV more common in dairy or beef cattle?

A

beef

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20
Q

does BRSV impact all hosts similarly?

A

no- pathogenesis is related to host response

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21
Q

can vaccination induce disease of BRSV?

A

yes… be aware of vaccine timing

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22
Q

is it likely that cattle infected with BRSV and BPIV3 can be persistently infected?

A

no- more likely re-introduction if they become infected again

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23
Q

how is BPIV3 transmitted?

A

contact or aerosol

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24
Q

what % of calves are infected with BRSV and BPIV3 within their first 2 years?

A

70%

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25
Q

what is the pathogenesis of BRSV and BPIV3?

A

enter body via respiratory tract
penetrate/degrade mucous
invade epithelial cells of upper resp tract by binding to sialic acid residues on cell membrane
replication occurs predominantly in resp tract
virus excreted in nasal discharge

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26
Q

BRSV and BPIV3 bind to _____ residues on cell membranes to invade

A

sialic acid

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27
Q

where does BRSV and BPIV3 predominantly replicate?

A

respiratory tract

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28
Q

through what do infected animals excrete BRSV and BPIV3?

A

nasal discharge

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29
Q

what can BPIV3 do during replication that BRSV cannot?

A

BPIV3 replicates well in pulmonary alveolar macrophages, which induces immune suppression because phagocytosis and prostaglandin production is suppressed.

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30
Q

how does BRSV infection cause damage through the hosts immune system?

A

proinflammatory genes are upregulated and extensive mast-cell degranulation (creates cytokine storm)

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31
Q

is BRSV more pathogenic in neonates or young calves? why?

A

more pathogenic in young calves because they have developed an immune system, which then goes into overdrive upon BRSV infection (creates cytokine storm)

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32
Q

what are clinical signs of BRSV and BPIV3

A

fever, depression, lack of appetite, anorexia, increased resp rate/effort, coughing, nasal discharge, pulmonary emphysema dn edema

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33
Q

what is more severe, BPIV3 or BRSV?

A

BRSV is more severe, typically

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34
Q

what is one way to diagnose Malignant Catarrhal fever versus mucosal disease, if the sick cow has a history of being involved with 4H?

A

it is more likely MCF if the cow has been around sheep

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35
Q

what is MCF

A

malignant catarrhal fever

36
Q

what is the etiology of MCF?

A

ovine herpesvirus 2 infection in bovines

37
Q

what are clinical signs of MCF/herpes virus 2

A

fever
depression
cattharal inflammmation
severe eye lesions
swollen lymph nodes
lameness
CNS signs

38
Q

what is a distinctive lesion of MCF?

A

severe eye lesions

39
Q

what kind of virus is herpesvirus

A

large double stranded enveloped DNA virus

40
Q

what species are infected by bovine herpes virus 1?

A

cattle and buffalo

41
Q

what can BHV-1 lead to?

A

upper resp disorders, conjunctivitis, genital disorders, immune suppression

42
Q

what does BHV-1.1 impact?

A

respiratory tract, aborted fetuses*

43
Q

what does BHV-1.2a impact?

A

respiratory tract, genital tract (IBR), infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV), balanopostitis (IPB), abortions

44
Q

what does BHV-1.2b impact?

A

respiratory disease, IPV/IPB, NOT abortion

45
Q

which subtype of BHV-1 is most prevalent in north america

A

BHV-1.1

46
Q

how is BHV-1 transmitted?

A

direct nose-to-nose contact or aerosol over short distances

also through semen

47
Q

which cells does BHV-1 infect?

A

enters epithelial cells, but resides in ganglion cells when in latent period

48
Q

how does BHV-1 cause pathology?

A

lysis of infected cells- necrosis and apoptosis

49
Q

why is lysis of ciliated epithelium important in regards to BHV-1?

A

without functional ciliated epithelia, bacteria is deposited in alveoli (unable to push pathogens out of trachea)

50
Q

how does BHV-1 cause immunosuppression (3 ways)

A
  • apoptosis of CD4+ cells
  • reduced expression of MHC I and MHC II molecules
  • down regulation of type 1 interferon
51
Q

what diseases/pathologies are related to BHV-1?

A

-c onjunctivitis
- IPV
- IBR
- infectious vulvovaginitis
-encephalitis
- mastitis
- abortion

52
Q

what is IBR

A

infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

53
Q

IBR is caused by

A

BHV-1

54
Q

what are distinctive lesions of IBR?

A

nasal lesions of numerous clusters of grayish necrotic foci on the mucous membrane of septal mucosa

eye lesions, keratitis

55
Q

when can abortions occur with IBR?

A

can occur at the same time as respiratory disease, but also up to 100 days after incubation

56
Q

in regards to IBR, _____ is a complication and not a part of the primary disease

A

pneumonia

57
Q

what are clinical signs of IBR?

A

-serous rhinitis with hyperemia and edema of mucosa
- lots of nasal discharge

58
Q

true or false: herpes viruses are resistant to environmental influences

A

true !!

59
Q

how to avoid herpes viruses?

A

soap! (its an enveloped virus)
vaccinations

60
Q

what is something to consider when giving live vaccines?

A

can cause abortion
can cause sickness
(if given at an inappropriate time)

61
Q

what is a marker vaccine

A

A marker vaccine is a vaccine which allows for immunological differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals

62
Q

how do you diagnose BRD/scours?

A

multi-lab panel

63
Q

what can cause scours?

A

bovine coronavirus or bovine rotavirus
(also E. coli, Salmonella, Coccidiosis)

64
Q

Nidoviruses are ____ (DNA or RNA)?

A

RNA viruses

65
Q

how are nidoviruses released from an infected cell

A

lysis of host cell

66
Q

what is the family of rotaviruses?

A

Reoviridae

67
Q

what is the classification of rotaviruses?

A

naked double stranded RNA viruses with segmented genomes

68
Q

how many serogroups of rotaviruses are there? which are we concerned with as vets?

A

7 groups (A-G)
A causes infection in domestic animals, while B and C are found in clinical cases

69
Q

how many capsid layers do rotaviruses have

A

3- outer, intermediate, and inner

70
Q

how many segments do rotaviruses have? which antigens do we care about?

A

11 segments code for 12 proteins. We care about the P and G antigens because they create pathologies

71
Q

why is the segmentation of rotaviruses important?

A

allows for genetic reassortment

72
Q

what are the clinical signs of BRV?

A

diarrhea, malabsorption

73
Q

what cells does BRV target? what is the significance?

A

replicates in cytoplasm of epithelial cells of call intestinal villi

significant because this causes maldigestion and malabsorption.

74
Q

true or false: BRV causes crypt necrosis

A

FALSE- BRV targets the villi of the small intestine

75
Q

what is the structure of BRSV and PI3? (paramyxo)

A

enveloped, negative sense

76
Q

what is the replication strategy of BRSV and PI3? (recall they are a part of the family Paramyxoviridae)

A

ssRNA- (virion RdRp –> mRNA)

77
Q

What family is BHV-1 a part of

A

Herpesviridae

78
Q

what is the structure and replication strat of BHV-1

A

enveloped, dsDNA (cellular RNA pol2 –> mRNA)

79
Q

What is the family of bovine rotavirus (BRV) ?

A

Reoviridae

80
Q

what is the structure of BRV?

A

naked, segmented genome (multi-layered capsid)

81
Q

what is the replication strat of BRV? (family Reoviridae)

A

dsRNA (virion RdRP –> mRNA)

82
Q

common bovine viruses with GI disease

A

BVDV (Flavi)
BRV (Reo)
BCV (Corona)

83
Q

common bovine viruses with repro disease?

A

BVDV (Flavi)

84
Q

common bovine viruses with resp disease

A

BRDC:
BHV1 (Herpes)
BPI3 (Paramyxo)
BRSV (Paramyxo)
BVDV (Flavi)

85
Q

what bovine disease is commonly associated with lymphosarcoma

A

BLV

86
Q

what is the order of Arterivitidae, Coronaviridae, and Roniviridae? are these all RNA or DNA ?

A

Nidovirales - all RNA

422 Virology (15 decks)

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