Lecture 8 (Power & politics) & Lecture 9 (Conflict & negotiation) Flashcards
Power meaning
ability to get someone else to do something you want done
Power within workplace forms
Formal power
Informal power
Types of Formal power
Legitimate power
Reward power
Coercive power
Types of Informal power
Referent power
Expert power
Legitimate type of power
FORMAL formal authority based on structural position
Reward type of power
FORMAL both financial and nonfinancial power
Coercive type of power
FORMAL (use of force or threats): depends on fear of negative results
Referent type of power
INFORMAL : based on identification with a person who has desirable resources or personal
traits
Expert type of power
INFORMAL result of expertise, special skills, or knowledge
Legitimacy power tactic meaning
Position of authority, use of policy and organizational rules
Rational persuasion power tactic usage
Usage of arguments backed by logic
Inspirational Appeals power tactic usage
Appealing to influencee’s values, ideals or aspirations to elicit an emotional or attitudinal reaction
Consultation power tactic usage
Allowing the influencee to participate in deciding how to carry out or implement your request
Exchange power tactic usage
The use of negotiation and the exchange of benefits
Ingratiation power tactic usage
Using favours, compliments and friendly behaviour
Personal appeals power tactic usage
Power through friendliness, favors
Pressure power tactic usage
Warnings, repeated demands, threats
Coalitions power tactic usage
Mobilizing other people in the organization to support you, and thereby strengthening your request
Politics meaning
Politics is power practiced in a real-life setting.
What influences political behavior
➔ Individual factors: personal traits
➔ Organizational factors: organizational culture
➔ Responses of employees: stress, defensive behavior
➔ Impression management: dominated by cultural differences
Conflict meaning
process that begins when one party perceives another party has or is about to negatively
affect something the first party cares about
Three kinds of conflicts
1.) Process conflicts
2.) Relationship conflicts
3.) Task conflicts
5 stages of conflict process
- Potential opposition or incompatibility
- Cognition and personalization
- Intentions
- Behavior
- Outcome
Conflict-handling intentions
- Competing
- Collaborating
- Compromising
- Avoiding
- Accommodating
Outcomes of a conflict
Either increased or decreased group performance
Antecedent (previous) conditions
Communication
Structure
Personal values
Cognition of conflict can be either:
Perceived or felt
Negotiation meaning
process that occurs when two or more parties decide how to allocate scarce resources
Types of negotiation
Distributive bargaining and Integrative bargaining
Distributive bargaining meaning
Negotiation that seeks to divide up a fixed amount of resources; a
win–lose situation
Integrative bargaining meaning
Negotiation that seeks one or more settlements that can create a
win–win solution
Negotiation process
- Preparation and planning →
- Definition of ground rules →
- Clarification and justification →
- Bargaining
and problem solving → - Closure and implementation
Most important aspect of power
Dependency is directly related to power
When does dependency increase
when a resource you control is important, scarce, and non-substitutable
zero-sum approach
negotiation approach that treats the reward “pie” as fixed, so any gain one person or group achieves comes at the expense of another person or group
3 things to keep in mind when politicizing
- performance is influenced by individual’s understanding of the “hows” and “whys” of organizational politics
- political behaviour at work influences the effects of ethical leadership
- when employees see politics as a threat, they often respond with defensive behaviours
Defensive behavior meaning
Reactive and protective behaviours to avoid action, blame, or change
Functional vs dysfunctional conflicts
Functional - conflict which improves performance
dysfunctional - hindrance for performance
Types of conflict (focus on between who it happens)
Dyadic conflict - between 2 people
Intragroup conflict - conflict within a group
Intergroup conflict - conflict between groups
