Lecture 3 (Motivation) Flashcards
Motivation meaning
Motivation is the process that accounts for an individual’s direction. Intensity and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
-Physical
–Safety
—Belonging
—-Esteem
—–Self-actualization
McGregor’s theory x and theory y
Theory X: People are lazy. People inherently dislike work and responsibility, and people need
to be coerced, monitored and controlled.
Theory Y: People like to work. People seek responsibility, and people don’t need to be coerced,
monitored, and controlled
Consequences of extrinsic rewards and deadlines in cognitive evaluation
theory
Rewards and deadlines diminish motivation to the extent they are perceived as mandatory
Goal setting theory (requirements for goals to motivate)
- Specific and measurable
- Difficult (yet realistic)
- Feedback
Distributive organizational justice
Perceived fairness of distribution of resources
Procedural organizational justice
Perceived fairness of the distribution process
Interactional justice
Am I treated fairly and respectfully?
Job rotation
More tasks at the same level
Motivation through pay piece-rate pay, what is the base, pros, cons?
Base: Fixed sum per unit of production
Pros: Positive relationship effort-pay
Cons: Not fit for all jobs
Motivation through Merit-based pay, what is the base, pros, cons?
Base: Performance appraisal ratings
Pros: Potentially positive relationship performance-pay
Cons: Validity of performance ratings often questionable
Motivation through pay Bonuses, what is the base, pros, cons?
Base: Meeting targets
Pros: Financial gains
Cons: Meeting targets at all costs, short-termism
Motivation through pay skill-based pay, what is the base, pros, cons?
Base: Number of skills of employees, number of jobs they can do
Pros: Flexibility, facilitates communication
Cons: When all the required skills have been learned
Motivation through pay Profit-sharing, what is the base, pros, cons?
Base: Company’s profitability
Pros: Psychological ownership
Cons: ?
Motivation through pay Gainsharing, what is the base, pros, cons?
Base: Group productivity
Pros: Cost-saving
Cons: Shirkers
Motivation through pay ESOPs, what is the base, pros, cons?
Base: Company stock
Pros: Psychological ownership
Cons: Stock price volatility/risk of falling
McCelland’s theory of needs
-need for achievement (nAch) is the need to excel or achieve to a set of standards
-need for power (nPow) need to make others behave in a way they would not have otherwise
-need for affiliation (nAff) need to establish friendly and close interpersonal relationships
Two-factor theory of Herzberg
You can be satisfied or not satisfied with motivators, and dissatisfied or not dissatisfied with hygiene factors
Which are early theories of motivation?
-Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
-McCelland’s theory of needs
-Herzberg’s two factor theory
-McGregor’s theory of X and Y
Which are contemporary theories of motivation?
-Deci and Ryan’s self-determination theory
-Locke and Latham’s goal-setting theory
-Bandura’s self-efficacy theory
-Vroom’s expectancy theory
-Adams’ equity theory
Deci and Ryan’s self-determination theory
You should feel good about all of these 3 concepts to feel good at work:
-Autonomy (tasks which i need to do align with what i want to do)
-Competence (feeling of competence)
-Relatedness (feeling part of the group)
Cognitive evaluation theory (CET) meaning
extrinsic rewards will reduce intrinsic interest in a task (Part of self-determination theory)
Locke and Adam’s Goal-setting theory
-Specific and difficult (but realistic) goals with feedback lead to higher performance
Goal-performance relationship
Assumption that individual is commited to the goal
Simple and independent tasks are better than complex tasks
Changes made according to dimensional GLOBE scores
(part of Goal-setting theory)
Badura’s self-efficacy theory
-an individual’s belief of being capable of performing a task
enactive mastery - confidence through past experience
vicarious modeling - if others can do it..
verbal persuasion - “motivational speakers”
arousal - get energized
Enactive mastery meaning
Gained confidence due to past experience
Vroom’s Expectancy theory
people will choose to maximise pleasure and minimise pain
-
-Expectancy (will my effort lead to high performance)
-Instrumentality (will performance lead to outcomes
-Valence (do i find the outcomes desirable)
Adams’ equity theory
Employees compare their own inputs and outputs (e.g., effort and rewards) to those of others, and when there is a perceived imbalance, they will act to restore equity.
Actions taken by individuals when inequity is noticed
-Change inputs (less/more effort)
-Change outcomes (make influence if i work for piece-rate pay)
-Distort perception of self
-Distort perception of others
-Choosing a different reference (comparing to another person rather than originally)
-Leaving the field (Quit)
Telecommuting meaning
working from home at least two days a week through virtual devices that are linked to the employer’s office
Flextime meaning
Flexible work hours
Job sharing meaning
An arrangement that allows two or more individuals to split a traditional full-time job.
Job redesign methods
- Job rotation
- Job enrichment
What are alternative work arrangements
Telecommuting
Flextime
Job sharing
Job rotation meaning
Periodic shifting of an employee from one task to another
Job enrichment meaning
Adding high-level responsibilities to a job to increase essential motivation
Piece-rate pay base
Fixed sum per unit created
Merit-based pay base
Performance appraisal ratings
Bonuses pay base
Meeting targets (goals)
Skill-based pay base
Number of skills of employees,
number of jobs they can do
Profit-sharing base
Company’s profitability
Gainsharing base
Group productivity
ESOPs base
Company stock
Methods of decision making based on information available:
- Rationality
- Bounded rationality
- Intuition
Biases and errors in decision making
- Overconfidence bias
- Confirmation bias
- Escalation of commitment
Escalation of commitment
Past investments “justify” current action
