lecture 8 nature of airways obstruction Flashcards
what is the bronchialwall mainly made up of
smoooth muscle
3 ways the airway bronchial lumen decrease
excess mucus
contraction of the smooth muscle
loss of outward traction
what are the bronchi party held open by
alveoli mesh
asthma colour of the airways, why
red
inflammation
main immune cell in asthma
eosinophil
feature of asthma
airways constrict to a very small amount of histamine and acetylcholine
what does Th1 inflammation drive
gamma interferon production
what does Th2 inflammation drive
production of IL4 and IL5
in asthmatics what type of inflammation takes over
Th2
how does the release of histamine come about
dendritic cells present the antigen to the T cell
T cell makes B cell produce antibodies
IgE binds to mast cells = degranulation
what happens after mast cell degranulation
eosinophils are attracted to the area
how would you measure how much eosinophil was in the airways
measure the nitric oxide exhaled
problems with measureing nitric oxide for asthmatics
reduces in smoking
increases with some foods
increases with bronchitis
chronic airway changes in asthma
smooth muscle hypertrophy
subepithelial fibrosis
what is COPD
bronchiectasis and emphysema
biggest risk factorfor COPD
smoking
who is genetically more prone to COPD
people with alpha 1 antitrypsin disease
mucus and bronchitis
mucus gland hypertrophy
excess mucus
goblet cell hyperplasia
other changes in bronchitis
inflammatory cell infiltration
smooth muscle hypertrophy
what is chronic bronchitis
having cough and sputum for 3 months
do you get airway obstruction with chronic bronchitis
no
emphysema
abnormal enlargement of airspace distal to the terminal bronchiole accompanied by destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis
types of emphysema
normal, centrilobular and panlobular
who does emphysema affect
chronic smokers
occupations assosiated with COPD
coal minors
welders
biomass
where does airway obstruction need to be for the patient to complain earlier
bigger airway
blue bloater
chronic bronchitic
cough and sputum
cyanosed
swollen legs
pink puffer
emphysema
cachexic
cachexic
wasting syndrome
cor pulmonale
ventilation perfusion mixmatch
vasoconstriction
chronic hypertension causes right heart hypertrophy
heart failure
what will present with corpulmonale
leg oedema
what part of the lobe is more affected by COPD
upper
what can happen with an emphysematic upper lobe
squash the lower lobe
how can you deal with a problematic upper lobe
surgery removal
one way valves
how do valves in the upper lobe work
air can get in but not out
bronchiectasis
dilation of the airways
recurrent infection
purulent sputem
purulent
pus containing
CF mucus
abnormally thick and sticky
what happens in CF over time
scarring of the lungs
in CF what is the mutation
CFTR
what is the CF gene for
chloride channel
what else does CF affect
pancreatic duct
