lecture 2 intrathoracic malignancy Flashcards
what substances predispose you to cancer
asbestos
radon
arsenic
biggest cause of lung cancer
smoking
high radon exposure
cornwall
cabin crew
nuclear fuel plants
affect of hydrogen cyanide
damages the cilia
where do you find hydrogen cyanide
cigs
what does nitrogen dioxide do
irritates the bronchial epithelium
in adenocarcinoma there are some mutations we target drugs at, what are they
EGFR and ALK
in normal respiratory epithelium where are the nuclei
base of the cell
what is the adaptive response the epithelium undergoes when poeple smoke
squamous epithelium replaces the bronchiole epithelium
most common symptom of lung cancer
persistant cough
later signs of lung cancer
weight loss, chest pain and dyspnoea
if a lung is obstructed by a tumour what happens beyond the obstruction
inflamed, possibly develop pneumonia and or collapse
what happens if lung cancer spreads to the recurrant laryngeal nerve
hoarse voice
what happens if the tumour invades the phrenic nerve
problems with the diaphragm
why might you get horners syndrome with lug cancer
if its at the apex it may interefere with sympathetic ganglia
common sites for bone metastasis
Bone Brain Liver Skin Adrenal glands
what happens if the cancer produces ADH
hyponatraemia
what cancer might you find hyponatraemia with
small cell cancer
why might you get hypercalcemia with squamous cell carcinoma
over production of parathormone
what is Myasthenic syndrome
autoantibodies against neuronal calcium channels
what other things might you get with lung cancer which arent fully understood
Myasthenic syndrome
Peripheral neuropathy
Dermatological abnormalities
Changes to the fingers
what are the majority of cancers of the lung
non small cell carcinoma
how can non small cell carcinomas be divided
adenocarcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
large cell carcinoma
what do squamous cell carcinomas have
keratinised or have intercellular bridges
what do the adenocarcinomas show
glandular differentiation
what do you have with adenocarcinomas
acini formed or it produces mucin
how would you differentiate an adenocarcinoma if it was solid
T2F1
how do the small cell carcinomas look
no cytoplasm all nucleus
what differentiation do small cell carcinomas show
neuroendocrine
possible options for lung cancer
surgery, chemotherapy (mutations/immunotherapy) and radiotherapy
what is not recommended with small cell carcinoma
surgery
what is recommended in people with early stage non small cell carcinoma
surgery
what would you do for people with poor lungs with non small cell carcinoma
radical radiotherapy
drug which inhibits tyrosin kinase
for EGFR mutations
what is malignant mesothelioma cancer of
pleural cavity
cure for malignant mesothelioma
isnt one
common risk factor of malignant mesothelioma
asbestos
