lecture 2 intrathoracic malignancy

Question 1

what substances predispose you to cancer

Answer 1

asbestos
radon
arsenic

Question 2

biggest cause of lung cancer

Answer 2

smoking

Question 3

high radon exposure

Answer 3

cornwall
cabin crew
nuclear fuel plants

Question 4

affect of hydrogen cyanide

Answer 4

damages the cilia

Question 5

where do you find hydrogen cyanide

Answer 5

cigs

Question 6

what does nitrogen dioxide do

Answer 6

irritates the bronchial epithelium

Question 7

in adenocarcinoma there are some mutations we target drugs at, what are they

Answer 7

EGFR and ALK

Question 8

in normal respiratory epithelium where are the nuclei

Answer 8

base of the cell

Question 9

what is the adaptive response the epithelium undergoes when poeple smoke

Answer 9

squamous epithelium replaces the bronchiole epithelium

Question 10

most common symptom of lung cancer

Answer 10

persistant cough

Question 11

later signs of lung cancer

Answer 11

weight loss, chest pain and dyspnoea

Question 12

if a lung is obstructed by a tumour what happens beyond the obstruction

Answer 12

inflamed, possibly develop pneumonia and or collapse

Question 13

what happens if lung cancer spreads to the recurrant laryngeal nerve

Answer 13

hoarse voice

Question 14

what happens if the tumour invades the phrenic nerve

Answer 14

problems with the diaphragm

Question 15

why might you get horners syndrome with lug cancer

Answer 15

if its at the apex it may interefere with sympathetic ganglia

Question 16

common sites for bone metastasis

Answer 16

Bone
Brain
Liver
Skin 
Adrenal glands

Question 17

what happens if the cancer produces ADH

Answer 17

hyponatraemia

Question 18

what cancer might you find hyponatraemia with

Answer 18

small cell cancer

Question 19

why might you get hypercalcemia with squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 19

over production of parathormone

Question 20

what is Myasthenic syndrome

Answer 20

autoantibodies against neuronal calcium channels

Question 21

what other things might you get with lung cancer which arent fully understood

Answer 21

Myasthenic syndrome
Peripheral neuropathy
Dermatological abnormalities
Changes to the fingers

Question 22

what are the majority of cancers of the lung

Answer 22

non small cell carcinoma

Question 23

how can non small cell carcinomas be divided

Answer 23

adenocarcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
large cell carcinoma

Question 24

what do squamous cell carcinomas have

Answer 24

keratinised or have intercellular bridges

Question 25

what do the adenocarcinomas show

Answer 25

glandular differentiation

Question 26

what do you have with adenocarcinomas

Answer 26

acini formed or it produces mucin

Question 27

how would you differentiate an adenocarcinoma if it was solid

Answer 27

T2F1

Question 28

how do the small cell carcinomas look

Answer 28

no cytoplasm all nucleus

Question 29

what differentiation do small cell carcinomas show

Answer 29

neuroendocrine

Question 30

possible options for lung cancer

Answer 30

surgery, chemotherapy (mutations/immunotherapy) and radiotherapy

Question 31

what is not recommended with small cell carcinoma

Answer 31

surgery

Question 32

what is recommended in people with early stage non small cell carcinoma

Answer 32

surgery

Question 33

what would you do for people with poor lungs with non small cell carcinoma

Answer 33

radical radiotherapy

Question 34

drug which inhibits tyrosin kinase

Answer 34

for EGFR mutations

Question 35

what is malignant mesothelioma cancer of

Answer 35

pleural cavity

Question 36

cure for malignant mesothelioma

Answer 36

isnt one

Question 37

common risk factor of malignant mesothelioma

Answer 37

asbestos