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My Body Logs > Lecture 8 - Enodcrine Tissues And Glands > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - Enodcrine Tissues And Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Name some examples of glands containing endocrine cells/tissue:

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas

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2
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

At the base of the brain superior to the hypothalamus

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3
Q

What hormones does the Hypothalamus secrete?

A

TRH
CRH
GHRH
GHIH
PRH
GnRH

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4
Q

How is the pituitary gland structure?

A

Into 2 parts:
Anterior pituitary (front)
Posteriori pituitary (back)

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5
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?

A

TSH
ACTH and MSH (Both have POMC precursor)
FSH
LH
Prolactin
GH

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6
Q

Where is the Thyroid gland located and how is it structured?

A

Anterior to the trachea
2 lobes joined by a bridge called the Isthmus

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7
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete?

A

T4 (thyroxine or tetraiodothyronine)
T3 (triiodothyronine)

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8
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

A

On the dorsal surface of the thyroid glands
4 of them in 2 pairs

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9
Q

What do the parathyroid glands secrete?

A

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

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10
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

On the top of the kidneys
Ad = on top of
Renal = kidneys

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11
Q

How are the adrenal glands structured?

A

2 parts
Outer adrenal cortex
Inner adrenal medulla

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12
Q

What hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Androgens

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13
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

Left of and posterior to the stomach

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14
Q

What are the exocrine secretions of the pancreas?

A

Digestive enzymes into duodenum

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15
Q

What are the secretions from the endocrine portions of the pancreas and what are these portions called?

A

Islets of Langerhans

Alpha cells = glucagon
Beta cells = insulin
Delta cells = somatostatin

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16
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland secrete but not produce?

A

ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)
Oxytocin

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17
Q

What hormones dos the liver produce?

A

IGF (Insulin like growth factor)
Angiotensinogen
Angiotensin (increases blood pressure)
Thrombopoietin

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18
Q

What hormones does the kidney produce?

A

Erythropoietin
Thrombopoietin
Renin
Calcitriol

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19
Q

What are the 4 main types of hormones?

A

Peptide and Glycoprotein hormones
Steroid hormones
Amino-acid derived hormones
Lipid hormones

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20
Q

How are Peptide hormones and glycoproteins synthesised and stored?

A

Made in advance
Stored in secretory vesicles

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21
Q

How are Peptide hormones and glycoproteins transported in the blood?

A

Dissolved in plasma

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22
Q

Where are the receptors for Peptide hormones and glycoproteins?

A

Plasma membrane of cells
(Water soluble)

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23
Q

How do Peptide hormones and glycoproteins affect cells?

A

Activate a second messenger system
Activates gene expression

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24
Q

Give some examples of Peptide hormones and glycoproteins:

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Prolactin
ACTH
PTH
Gastrin

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25
Q

How are steroid hormones synthesised and stored?

A

They are not stored
Synthesised on demand

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26
Q

How are steroid hormones transported in the blood?

A

Bound to carrier proteins

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27
Q

Where the receptors for steroid hormones?

A

Mainly in the cytoplasm or nucleus of a cell
(Lipid soluble so can cross cell membrane)

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28
Q

How do steroid hormones affect cells?

A

Activate genes for transcription and translation

Normally bind to receptors Ono a region of DNA called Hormone Response Elements (HREs)

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29
Q

Give some examples of steroid hormones:

A

Oestrogen
Progesterone
Cortisol
Glucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoids

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30
Q

How are amino acid-derived hormones synthesised and stored?

A

Synthesised in advance and stored in secretory vesicles

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31
Q

What are the 2 types of Amino acid-derived hormones?

A

Catecholamines
Thyroid hormones

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32
Q

How are Catecholamines transported in the blood?

A

Dissolved in the plasma

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33
Q

Where are the receptors for Catecholamines?

A

Cell membrane

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34
Q

How do Catecholamines affect cells?

A

Activate second messenger systems which affect gene expression

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35
Q

Give some examples of Catecholamines and where are they produced?

A

Adrenal Medulla
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
Dopamine

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36
Q

How are Thyroid Hormones transported in the blood?

A

Bound to carrier proteins
Thyroxine binding globulin

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37
Q

Where are Thyroid Hormones receptors found?

A

In the nucleus

38
Q

How do Thyroid Hormones affect cells?

A

Activates genes for transcription and translation

39
Q

What are the 2 thyroid hormones?

A

T3
T4

40
Q

How are lipid hormones synthesised and stored?

A

Synthesised on demand
NOT STORED

41
Q

How are lipid hormones transported in the blood?

A

Dissolved in plasma
AND
Bound to carrier proteins

42
Q

Where are the receptors for lipid hormones?

A

Cell membrane

43
Q

How do lipid hormones exert there affects on cells?

A

Activates second messenger systems which affect gene expression

44
Q

Give some examples of lipid hormones:

A

Thromboxanes
Prostaglandins
Endocannabinoids

45
Q

What strucutre connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

A

Pituitary stalk (infundibulum)

46
Q

Which gland is central to homeostasis?

A

Hypothalamus

47
Q

How does blood travel through a portal system?

A

Travels through 2 sets of capillaries before returning to the heart

Blood from first set of capillaries collects in portal vessels which then branch into another capilary network in another location before returning back to veins to the heart

48
Q

How is the Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system structured?

A

First capilary network in hypothalamus
Then second capillary network in anterior pituitary

49
Q

What type of secretion occurs in the hypothalamus and pituitary?

A

Merocrine secretion
Both regulated and constitutive

50
Q

In Graves’ disease what type of autoantibodies are acting and what do they cause?

A

Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulins
Bind to TSH receptors acting like TSH

Cause:
-LOW TSH
-HIGH T3 AND T4

51
Q

What happens in Hashimotos disease?

A

Auto antibodies destroy thyroid tissue

Causes:
-HIGH TSH
-LOW T3 and T4

HYPOTHYROIDISIM

52
Q

What hormone do parafollicular cells produce and where are they found?

A

Calcitonin (Peptide hormone)
Thyroid gland

53
Q

What type of cells are parafollicular cells?

A

Neuroendocrine cells

54
Q

What is the effect of parafollicular cells producing calcitonin?

A

DECREASES PLASMA Ca2+ LEVELS

COUTERACTS PTH

55
Q

How does Calcitonin decrease plasma Ca2+ levels?

A

Inhibits osteoclast activity so inhibits bone resorption

Inhibits renal calcium and phosphate re absorption

56
Q

What is the role of the parathyroid gland?

A

Monitors plasma calcium concentrations

57
Q

What hormone does the parathyroid gland produce which increases plasma Ca+ concentration?

A

PTH

58
Q

How does PTH increase Ca2+ levels in the plasma?

A

Stimulates osteoclast activity (stimulates bone resorption)

Prevents calcium loss by kidneys and more calcium absorbed by GI tract

59
Q

What is indicative of Hypoparathyroidism?

A

Hypocalcaemia

Hyperphosphatemia

60
Q

What occurs as a result of parathyroid dysfunction?

A

Affects ability to regulate Calcium levels

Affects nerve conduction, muscle contraction, bone strength

61
Q

What is the shape of the right adrenal gland?

A

Pyramid

62
Q

What is the shape of the left adrenal gland?

A

Crescent shape

63
Q

Which part of the adrenal gland is endocrine tissue?

A

Adrenal cortex

64
Q

Which part of the adrenal gland is neuroendocrine tissue?

A

Adrenal Medulla

65
Q

What is the name of the parenchyma (functional cells) that produce the Catecholamines in the adrenal glands?

A

Chromaffin cells

66
Q

How are chromaffin cells special?

A

They are modified post-synaptic sympathetic neurones

Pre-synaptic sympathetic nerve fibres pass directly to them

67
Q

What hormones (Catecholamines) do the Chromaffin cells produce?

A

Adrenaline
Noradrenaline

68
Q

What 3 layer compromise the Adrenal Cortex?

A

Zona Glomerulosa (outer)
Zona Fasiculata (middle)
Zona Reticularis (inner)

Remember GFR

69
Q

What steroid hormones (Corticosteroids) does the Zona Glomerulosa produce and what is their function?

A

Mineralocorticoids (e.g Aldosterone)
Regulates Blood Pressure BP

70
Q

What steroid hormones (Corticosteroids) does the Zona Fasiculata produce and what is their function?

A

Glucocorticoids (e.g Cortisol or Cortisone)
Increases blood glucose levels (Glycogenolysis, lipolysis, proteolysis)

71
Q

What steroid hormones (Corticosteroids) does the Zona Reticularis produce and what are their function?

A

Androgen precursors (DHEA)
Go onto to make sex hormones

72
Q

What is the definition of Stress?

A

A state of real or perceived threat to homeostasis

73
Q

What is the stress response?

A

It is the complex range of responses involving the endocrine, nervous and immune systems collectively to maintain homeostasis in the presence of aversive stimuli/stressors

74
Q

What behavioural changes does the activation of the stress response cause?

A

Increased awareness
Increased cognition
Euphoria
Enhanced analgesia (not feeling pain)

75
Q

What physiological adaptation are caused by the activation of the stress response?

A

Increased Cardiovascular tone
Increased respiratory rate
Increased intermediate metabolism

76
Q

In terms of sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways, what is the affect of cortisol?

A

Shuts down parasympathetic pathways

77
Q

What are the 3 overall affects of the corticosteroids produced by the adrenal cortex in the fight or flight response?

A

Inc BP
Inc Blood glucose
Inhibit parasympathetic pathways

78
Q

Where is Corticotropin Releasing Hormone made?
What is its affect?

A

CRH made in hypothalamus
Travels to anterior pituitary via Hypothalmo-hypophyseal portal system
Simulates ACTH production (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
ACTH binds to adrenal cortex simulating production of Adrenal corticosteroids

79
Q

Why is the secretion of adrenaline and noradrenalin considered neurocrine secretion?

A

Chromaffin cells = post syntactic neurones
Release hormones directly into blood from neurone

80
Q

What is the long term stress response relative to the adrenal glands?

A

High Mineralocorticoids = High sodium low potassium, increased blood volume and pressure

High Glucocorticoids = Increased proteolysis, lipolysis increased blood glucose then causes supressed immune system

81
Q

How are cells grouped in the pancreas?

A

In lobules

82
Q

Which part of the pancreas carries out the exocrine function?

A

Acinar glands/cells

83
Q

What are zymogen granules?

A

Specialised storage organelles which package, process and store they digestive enzymes in the exocrine pancreas

84
Q

What ducts are present in the pancreas?

A

Intercalated ducts join lobules which then join to the pancreatic duct which joins to the bile duct

85
Q

Where do the digestive enzymes of the pancreas get released into?

A

The duodenum

86
Q

What are the smaller paler sections called found in the pancreatic lobules?

A

Islets of Langerhans

87
Q

What are the main important cells in the islets of Langerhans and what do they produce?

A

A = glucagon
B = Insulin
Delta = Somatostatin

88
Q

Function of glucagon:

A

Increase blood glucose

89
Q

Function of insulin:

A

Decrease blood glucose

90
Q

Function of somatostatin:

A

Inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion

91
Q

What is the name if the cell that produces the digestive enzymes in the pancreas?

A

Acini

My Body Logs (25 decks)

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