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Y1 - Body Logs > Lecture 14 - Bone, Bone Marrow, Vessels And Blood > Flashcards

Lecture 14 - Bone, Bone Marrow, Vessels And Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 types of bone?

A

Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesmoidal

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2
Q

What is the structure of long bones?

A

Longer than they are wide

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3
Q

Where are long bones mostly located?

A

Appendicular skeleton

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4
Q

What is the function of long bones?

A

Support the weight of the body and facilitate movement

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5
Q

What are some examples of long bones?

A

Femur, fibula, tibia, metatarsal, phalanges
Humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpal, phalanges

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6
Q

What is the structure of short bones?

A

About as long as they are wide

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7
Q

Where are short bones found?

A

Wrist and ankle joins
Carpals in wrist (scaphoid)
Tarsal in ankles (calcaneus)

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8
Q

What is the function of short bones?

A

Provide stability and some movement

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9
Q

What is the structure of flat bones?

A

Flattened bones with roughly parallel opposite edges

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10
Q

Where are flat bones found?

A

Skull (occipital bone)
Thoracic cage (sternum and ribs)
Pelvis (ilium)

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11
Q

What is the function of flat bones?

A

Protect internal organs
Provide attachment sites for muscles

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12
Q

What is the structure of irregular bones?

A

Vary in have ad structure so don’t fit in other categories

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13
Q

What are some examples of irregular bones?

A

Vertebrae
Sacrum

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14
Q

What is the function of irregular bones?

A

Protect internal organs
Vertebrae protect spinal cord
Pelvis (sacrum) protects organs in pelvic cavity
Anchor points for muscles

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15
Q

Where are sesamoid bones found?

A

Embedded in tendons

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16
Q

What is the structure of sesamoid bones?

A

Small round bounds found embedded in tendons of knees, hands and feet

Patella = sesamoid bone

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17
Q

What is the function of sesamoid bones?

A

Protects tendons from stress and damage from repeated wear and tear

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18
Q

What does medulla ossea mean?

A

Middle of bone

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19
Q

In what type of bone is bone marrow located?

A

Spaces of cancellous/trabecular bone

In the gaps between the Trabeculae

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20
Q

What are the 2 types of bone marrow?

A

Red marrow
Yellow marrow

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21
Q

What is the function of red marrow?

A

Haemopoiesis (replenish blood cells)
Rich blood supply

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22
Q

What is the function of yellow marrow?

A

Shock absorber
Energy source

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23
Q

What is yellow marrow made up of?

A

Adipocytes
Poor blood supply

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24
Q

What is special about yellow bone marrow?

A

It can convert into red bone marrow

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25
Q

Where is yellow bone marrow located?

A

Medulla region of long bones

26
Q

What is the structure of spongy/cancellous/trabecular bone?

A

Each trabecula has lots of osteocytes embedded ithin irregular bone lamellae

In the gaps between Trabeculae bone marrow is found

27
Q

What blood cells does the stem cells in red bone marrow produce?

A

Red blood cell
White blood cells = Granulocytes and Aggranulocytes
Granulcytes = Basophil, Eosinophil and Neutrophil
Aggranulocytes = B Lymphocyte and monocyte

Megakaryocyte

28
Q

What hormone stimulates Megakaryocyte to produce platelets?

A

Thrombopoietin

29
Q

What hormone stimulates production of erythrocytes?

A

Erythropoietin (kidney makes in hypoxia)

30
Q

How do maturing cells leave the bone marrow into circulation?

A

Enter sinusoidal capillaries
Joins to the central marrow vein
Blood leaves bone via Vena comitans

31
Q

How do platelets enter into blood circulation from bone marrow?

A

Apocrine secretion

32
Q

What are the 3 types of capillaries?

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoid

33
Q

How do newly formed RBCs travel to the heart?

A

Venue —— Intermediate vein —— larger vein —- vena cava —- right atrium

34
Q

How is blood flow to capillaries controlled?

A

Pre-capillary sphincters
((Smooth muscle attached to Arterioles)

35
Q

What is the function of pre-capillary sphincters?

A

Controls fluid exchange between capillaries and body tissues that happens at the capillary bed

36
Q

What is the definition of a vein?

A

An elastic blood vessel that transports blood from various regions of the body TO the heart

37
Q

What are the 3 layers of a vein?

A

Tunica intima - endothelial cells
Tunica media - elastic fibres and smooth muscle (thin compared to arteries)
Tunica externa - elastic fibrous capsule (fibroblast)

38
Q

What structures do veins contain that arteries dont and why?

A

Fibroelastic cartilaginous valves
Low pressure system
Prevents backflow of blood

39
Q

Since blood flow in veins is low pressure, what aids the flow fo blood back to the heart?

A

The contractions of surrounding skeletal muscles

40
Q

What are the 4 types of veins?

A

Pulmonary veins
Systemic veins
Superficial veins
Deep veins

41
Q

What are Pulmonary veins?

A

Veins that carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart

42
Q

What are systemic veins?

A

Return oxygen depleted blood from the rest of the body to the right atrium of the heart

43
Q

What are superficial veins?

A

Located close to the surface of the skin and not near a corresponding artery

44
Q

What are deep veins?

A

Located deep in the body between tissues and surrounded by the viscera and organs
Normally located by an artery with the same name

45
Q

What are the smallest veins called?

A

Venules

46
Q

Where do venules receive blood from?

A

Capillaries/arterioles

47
Q

What do venules branch into?

A

Larger veins which lead to the vena cava

48
Q

What is the definition of an artery?

A

Arteries are elastic blood vessels that convey blood AWAY from them heart

49
Q

How is the tunica intima of an artery different to a vein?

A

Has an elastic membrane lining and an non fenestrated endothelium

50
Q

How does the Tunica media in an artery differ to a vein?

A

Much thicker
More elastin and smooth muscle

51
Q

How is the tunica externa of an artery different to a vein?

A

Thicker
More collagen and elastic fibres
Allows for stretch and prevents over expansion

52
Q

What is the size of the lumen for an artery?

A

Narrow

53
Q

What is the size of the lumen for a vein?

A

Wide

54
Q

What is the general structure of the wall of an artery?

A

Thick and strong
Contains lots of muscles and elastic tissue
Has fibrous tissue

55
Q

What is the general structure of the wall of a vein?

A

Thin
Mainly FIBROUS tissue
Less muscle and elastic tissue than artery

56
Q

What is the structure oof capillaries?

A

Only 1 cell thick

57
Q

What are collateral/communicating blood vessels?

A

Blood vessels that provide an alternate path for arterial blood flow

58
Q

What is the purpose of communicating/collateral blood vessels?

A

Provides protection for tissues that may become compromised

59
Q

Give an example of where collateral blood vessels may develop:

A

Atherosclerosis
Communicating blood vessels may develop in the coronary arteries

60
Q

What is Vasculogenesis?

A

Formation of new blood vessels

61
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Formation of new blood vessels from existing blood vessels

62
Q

WHat is the pericyte?

A

A stem cell found on outside of capillaries
Prevents endothelial cell proliferation
Maintains tight capillaries
has contractile properties

Y1 - Body Logs (25 decks)

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