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My Body Logs > Lecture 6 - Epithelial Tissues And Cell Surface Specialisations > Flashcards

Lecture 6 - Epithelial Tissues And Cell Surface Specialisations Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of epithelial tissue?

A

Sheets of contiguous cells, of varied embryonic origin that cover the external surface of the body and line internal surfaces including the body’s vessels

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2
Q

What epithelial tissue is derived from the Ectoderm?

A

The Epidermis (Skin)

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3
Q

What epithelial tissue is derived from the Mesoderm?

A

Inner linings of boy cavities

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4
Q

What epithelial tissue is derived from the Endoderm?

A

Lining of the respiratory tract
Lining of the GI tract

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5
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

The sac surrounding the GI tract

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6
Q

When classifying Epithelial cell types, what does simple mean?

A

Only 1 cell thick

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7
Q

When classifying Epithelial cell types, what does Stratified/compound mean?

A

More than 1 cell layer thick

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8
Q

What is simple squamous epithelium?

A

A single layer of flat cells

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9
Q

What is the function of simple squamous epithelia?

A

Lubrication (pericardium, pleural membranes, peritoneum/viscera)

Gas exchange (Type 1 pneumocytes)

Water, nutrient and waste product exchange (endothelial cells lining heart + capilaries

Barrier

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10
Q

What is simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

A single layer of polygonal cells whose height and width are about equal

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11
Q

Where are simple cuboidal epithelia found?

A

Lining pancreatic duct
Bounding thyroid gland follicles (make thyroglobulin)
PCT and collecting duct of nephrons

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12
Q

What are the functions of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Absorption and transport (Exocrine glands)
Absorption adn secretion (kidney tubules)
Barrier/covering (ovary)
Hormone synthesis and storage (Thyroid)

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13
Q

What are simple columnar cells?

A

A single layer of cells whose heights are greater than their widths. Taller than they are wide.

Nucleus closest to basement membrane

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14
Q

Where are simple columnar cells found?

A

Stomach lining and gastric glands
Small intestine and colon
Gall bladder

Lining crypts of Lieberkuhn in mucosa of colon

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15
Q

What is the main function of the simple columnar epithelial cells lining the crypts of Liberkuhn?

A

Absorption of nutrients
Movement of lumen contents

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16
Q

What do the microvilli do on simple columnar cells?

A

Increase surface area for absorption

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17
Q

What are the 3 functions of simple columnar epithelium?

A

Absorption
Secretion
Lubrication

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18
Q

What is Pseudostratified epithelia?

A

All cells make contact with he basement membrane but not all reach the epithelial cell surface

Nuclei lie at different levels

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19
Q

Where are Pseudostratified epithelia found?

A

Lining:
Nasal cavity
Trachea
Bronchi

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20
Q

What are the functions of Pseudo-stratified epithelium?

A

Secretion and conduit (respiratory tract)
Mucus secretion (respiratory tract)
Particle trappings and removal

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21
Q

What is the mucociliary escalator?

A

The cilia of Pseudostratified ciliates epithelium of the trachea beating mucus containing pathogens or dirt to the bag of the throat to be swallowed

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22
Q

What cell surface specialisation do goblet cells have on their apical surface?

A

Micro villi

NO CILIA

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23
Q

What process do goblet cells use to release Mucins?

A

Exocytosis

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24
Q

What is the function of CFTR in goblet cells?

A

Release chloride ions from the goblet cell onto its surface

Causes water to be released needed to make good consistency mucus

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25
Q

What is cystic fibrosis caused by?

A

Mutation in the CFTR gene

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26
Q

What does a mutation in the CFTR gene cause and how is this bad?

A

Less chloride ions are released onto surface of goblet cell
Less water in mucus
Thick sticky, immovable mucus

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27
Q

Which tissues are affected in cystic fibrosis?

A

Tissues that have mucins and cilia

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28
Q

Give examples of tissues affected in cystic fibrosis:

A

Airways - breathing difficulties
Liver - small bile duct blocked
Pancreas - zymogen secretions not released
Small intestines
Reproductive tracts
Skin - sweat glands malfunction (salty sweat crystals form)

29
Q

What are stratified squamous epithelia?

A

Multiple layers of cells which the outermost layer are thin flat squamous epithelial cells

30
Q

Where can stratified squamous , non keratinised epithelium be located?

A

The:
-Vagina
-Oesophagus
- Oral cavity
-Part of anal canal

31
Q

In what type of areas are stratified squamous non keratinised epithelium usually located??

A

Moist areas
Usually in areas subject to abrasion

32
Q

What is the function of stratified squamous non keratinised epithelium?

A

Protect against abrasion
Reduce water lost but remains moist

33
Q

How can you tell that stratified squamous epithelium is non keratinised

A

There are nuclei present in the top layers

34
Q

What is stratified squamous keratinised epithelium?

A

Multiple layers of cells witht the outermost layer being squamous cells that have lost their nuclei and have become cornfield

35
Q

Where is stratified squamous keratinised epithelium mostly found?

A

Surface of skin =MAIN
Some in oral cavity

36
Q

What is the function of stratified squamous keratinised epithelium?

A

Protect against abrasion and trauma
Prevents water loss
Prevents microbial ingress
Shields against UV damage

37
Q

What is the layer of skin called where stratified squamous keratinised epithelium is found?

A

Stratum Corneum

Layers called squames

38
Q

What are Tranisitioonal epithelial cells?

A

Cells which can vary in shape from columnar to cuboidal to flattened

39
Q

Where are transitional epithelium usually found?

A

Urinary tract (Urothelium)

40
Q

What is the function of Urothelium/Transitiona epithelium?

A

Protection of underlying tissues from toxic chemicals

Distensibility (Can stretch under pressure)

41
Q

What are serous membranes?

A

Thin 2 part membranes which line certain closed body cavities and envelope the viscera

42
Q

What is the viscera?

A

The internal organs of the main cavities of the body

43
Q

How are viscera positioned in relation to a serous membrane/cavity?

A

The organs dont actually lie within the cavity but its is surrounded by it

Think of it like a fist being pressed into a balloon, the balloon surrounds the fist but the fist isn’t actually inside the balloon

44
Q

What are the names of the 2 membranes that make up the serous membranes?

A

Visceral serosa
Parietal serosa

45
Q

Where is the visceral serosa located?

A

The inner membrane which is in contact or close to the organs/viscera

46
Q

Where is the parietal serosa located?

A

The membrane not in contact with the organs. The membrane that lines the outer edge of the cavity

47
Q

Which cavities do serous membranes line?

A

Peritoneum
Pleural sacs
Pericardial sac

48
Q

Which organs does the peritoneum envelope?

A

Many abdominal organs

49
Q

Which organs does the pleural sacs envelope?

A

Lungs

50
Q

Which organ does the pericardial sac envelope?

A

Heart

51
Q

What is the function of serous membranes?

A

Exude a Lubricating fluid

Promotes friction free movement of structures they surround

52
Q

What does a serous membrane consist of?

A

Simple squamous epithelium (exudes watery lubricating fluid)

Thin layer of connective tissue (Blood, Lymph and nerves)

53
Q

What do mucous membranes consist of?

A

Epithelium lining lumen of tube
Lamina propria (connective tissue layer)
Muscualaris mucosae (smooth muscle) , blood lymph and nerves

54
Q

Where are mucus membranes found?

A

Lining certain internal tubes which open to the exterior
GI
Respiratory tract
Urinary tract

55
Q

Where are club cells found?

A

Terminal Bronchioles

56
Q

What are the functions of club cells?

A

Protect bronchioles (detoxification, makes protein uteroglobin and surfactant like fluid)

Act as stem cells to regenerate bronchioles epithelium

HAVE NO CILIA

57
Q

What are micro fold cells?

Where are they found?

A

They are cells that trap pathogens and molecules and present them to dendritic cells
They also present to lymphocytes and macrophages

Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT) of the Payers Patches

58
Q

Where are microfold cells found?

A

In small intestine near lymph nodes
GALT of the Payers Patches

59
Q

What is the importance of microfold cells?

A

Strong immune response

60
Q

What is the function of Sterocilia?

A

Convert pressure waves into electrical waves in the auditory system

61
Q

How does smoking damage the lungs in the early stages?

A

Normal mucus layer thickens
Cilia die off
Cilia genesis takes place (2-4 days)

62
Q

How does smoking damage cells in the chronic stage?

A

Goblet cells and basal cells proliferate
Club cells die (permenant)
Carcinogens undue mutations and malignancy
Pneumocytes in alveoli die
Fibroblasts lay down scar tissue

63
Q

What is Chronic Bronchitis?

A

Chronic inflammation of the bronchi

64
Q

What signs does Chronic Bronchitis produce?

A

A cough and mucus production that has at least 2 episodes of cough lasting 3 months or more during a 2 year period

65
Q

What is the consequences of Chronic Bronchitis?

A

Reduced lung function and breathlessness
Excess mucus
Swelling and narrowing of airways
Start of or irreparable damage to bronchioles and alveoli

66
Q

What is the cell renewal rate of the trachea??

A

1-2 months

67
Q

What is the cell renewal rate of alveoli?

A

8 days

68
Q

What is the cell renewal rate of goblet cells?

A

10 days

69
Q

What is the cell renewal rate of club cells?

A

Never
Once they die that’s it

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