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My Body Logs > Lecture 19 - Skin Structure And Function > Flashcards

Lecture 19 - Skin Structure And Function Flashcards

1
Q

Other term for the Skin

A

The integumentary system

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2
Q

General Structure of the skin (Macroscopic)
3 layers

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

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3
Q

Primary functions of the skin

A

-Protection and repair
-Thermoregulation and excretion of waste (ions)
-Lubrication (sebaceous glands release oil onto surface
-Energy storage (Hypodermis)
-Vitamin D synthesis
-Absorption (water, O2)
-Aesthetics (communication, attraction)
-Sensation (has receptors)

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4
Q

What are the 4 layers in the Epidermis?

A

Stratum Corneum
Granular Layer
Stratum spinosum
Basal cell layer

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5
Q

What is the extra layer of cells in thick skin?

A

Stratum lucidum
A transparent layer ONLY on Palms and Soles of feet

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6
Q

How are cells held together laterally in the epidermis?

A

Adherens junctions

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7
Q

How are cells/layers held together Basically/Apically?

A

By desmosomes

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8
Q

Function of epidermis

A

Prevent water loss (keratinised layer of squames)
Prevents pathogenic entry
Synthesis keratin

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9
Q

What is the Stratum Corneum?

A

Outermost layer (made of dead keratinocytes/squames)
Continuously sheds

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10
Q

Granular layer structure (What type of cell? What does it contain?)

A

Stratfied squamous epithelial cells
Lamellar bodies (contain lipids needed to form water barrier)
Tonofibrils and Keratohyalin granules (Make keratin matrix)

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11
Q

Stratum spinosum (what does it do and what does it contain? What type of cell?

A

Cuboidal epithelium
Produces lamellar bodies
Langerhans cells/Epidermal dendritic cells = Macrophage of the skin most prominent here

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12
Q

Basal cell layer structure and function, what type of clell?

A

Tall columnar epithelial cells
Where keratinocytes are produced
As keratinocytes differentiate they migrate away from basal layer towards Stratum Corneum
Make intermediate keratin filaments called TONOFILAMENTS
Where Melanocytes are found

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13
Q

3 Layers of the dermis

A

Papillary layer = Upper layer (Nipples of skin here)

Reticular layer - Lower layer (has appendages of skin, hair, sebaceous glands , sweat glands, blood vessels)

Dermal papillae - Region between ridges of epidermis and dermis

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14
Q

Dermis functions:

A

Is IRREGULAR DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Hairs and Sweat glands = Thermoregulation
Contains sensory structures (mechanoreceptors)’
Gives structure to the skin and so body shape

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15
Q

Where is the Hypodermis?

A

Lowest layer of skin (not considered part of the skin though)

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16
Q

Structure of the Hypodermis

A

Mainly adipose tissue
Loose connective tissue so contains fibroblasts/macrophages and protein fibres

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17
Q

Functions of the Hypodermis

A

Energy storage
Insulator for heat generated from muscles
Shock absorption
Connects skin to muscles and bone underneath
Makes hormones like leptin (appetite)

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18
Q

What do Keratinocytes do?

A

Make Keratin

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19
Q

What are Rete ridges?

A

The ridges/protrusions of the epidermis into the dermis

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20
Q

Mucous Membranes structure (3 layers)

A

Epithelial layer (cells attached to basal Lamina)
Lamina Propria (connective tissue, blood capillaries, lymph vessels)
Muscularis Mucosae (Smooth muscle fibres)

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21
Q

What is a skin appendage?

A

Skin associated structures that serve a particular function

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22
Q

List 4 skin appendages

A

Hair follicles
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
Nails

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23
Q

2 Main types of hair

A

-Vellus (Replaces Languo hairs that are only present on the developing fetus)
-Terminal

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24
Q

Vellus hair structure/features

A

Short
Thin
Light coloured
Soft

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25
Q

Terminal Hair structure/features

A

Long
Wide
Dark
Coarse

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26
Q

Where are Vellus hairs found around the body?

A

Over most surfaces
NOT on palms, soles of feet, glans penis and glans clitoris etc…

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27
Q

Where are Terminal hairs found?

A

Head (scalp, eyebrows, nasal passage)
Axillae = armpit
External genital region

28
Q

Hair functions

A

Thermoregulation
Sexual Attraction
Sensation
Protection

29
Q

Hair in Thermoregulation

A

Arrector pilli muscles contract when cold to make hair stand up

Act as partial barrier to UV

30
Q

Hair in sexual attraction

A

Hairs trap oils secreted by Apocrine Sweat Glands
Oils attract opposite sex

31
Q

Hairs in Sensation

A

Have sensory nerve endings in bulb
Detects air movement/vibrations
Provides sensory awareness

32
Q

Hair in Protection

A

Prevent entry of dust and pathogens in body
Eyebrows reduce amounts of light and sweat entering eyes
Axilla hair (armpit) removes sweat from the body

33
Q

What type of muscle fibres do arrector pili muscles consist of?

A

Smooth

34
Q

What type of Gland in terms of secretion is the Sebaceous gland?

A

Holocrine gland

35
Q

What does the Sebaceous gland produce?

A

Sebum (oily waxy substance)

36
Q

Functions of sebaceous gland

A

Lubricate skin and hair
Reduce water loss from skin and hair
Reduce damage of epidermis from friction
Protect from moisture and UV damage

37
Q

Where are sebaceous glands found?

A

Face and Scalp
Eyelids
Penis
Labia
Nipples
Lip

38
Q

Are sweat glands Endocrine or exocrine glands?

A

Exocrine
Secrete substances (Sweat) via a duct onto epithelial cells

39
Q

2 Types of sweat gland

A

Eccrine Sweat glands
Apocrine sweat glands

40
Q

Where are Eccrine sweat glands found and their purpose?

A

All over the body
Cooling

41
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands found and their purpose?

A

Mainly axilla (Armpit)
Perianal areas

Produces sweat that has odor once activated (pheromones)

42
Q

Location of Nails

A

Distal surface of phalanges (fingers and toes)

43
Q

Nail structure

A

Made of Alpha keratin
Nail plate
Nail matrix
Nail bed

44
Q

Functions of nails

A

Protection of distal phalanx
Enhances precise delicate movements
A tool (extended precision grip) e.gg pull splinter out

45
Q

Types of Mechanoreceptors found in the skin

A

End bulbs
Free nerve endings
Tacitle discs (Merkel discs/corpuscle and Meissner discs)
Pacinian corpuscle
Ruffini’s corpuscle
Root hair plexus

46
Q

What do End Bulbs detect?

A

A Thermoreceptor
TEMPERATURE

47
Q

What do free nerve endings detect?

A

Pain (Have nociceptors)

48
Q

What do Meissner corpuscles detect?

A

Light touch, vibration

49
Q

What frequency of vibration do Meissners’ corpuscles detect?

A

Between 10 to 50Hz

50
Q

What do Pacinian Corpuscles detect?

A

Pressure/vibration

51
Q

What frequency of vibration do Pacinian corpuscles detect?

A

Between 100-1000Hz

52
Q

What do Krause end bulbs detect?

A

Cold temperature

53
Q

What do Ruffini’s corpuscles detect?

A

Joint movements and tissue stretch

54
Q

What do merkel cells/discs detect?

A

Light touch

55
Q

What are the 2 types of skin?

A

Hairy Skin (Thin)
Non-Hairy Skin (Thick)

56
Q

What are the exceptions to the rule of Hairy skin being thin and non hairy skin being thick?

A

Lips
Back of pinna
Some areas of external genitalia

57
Q

Where is Non-Hairy (Thick) skin located?

A

Palmar surface of hands
Plantar surface of feet
Area between fingers and toes

58
Q

Structure of Non-Hairy (Thick) skin

A

No hair follicles
No sebaceous glands
NO arrector pili muscles
THICK Stratum Corneum
Stratum lucidum present (transparent layer only in thick skin)
Pronounced/large rete ridges
Regular shaped Dermal papillae

59
Q

Thin (Hairy) skin structure

A

Hair follicles present (Vellus and/or terminal)
Sebaceous glands
Arrector pili muscles
Smaller rete ridges
Irregular shaped dermal papillae
NO STRATUM LUCIDUM

60
Q

How to differentiate between Hairy (Thin) and Non-Hairy (Thick) skin

A

Non hairy/ thin = deep rete ridges and extended dermal papillae
Thick skin = thinner dermis but thicker Stratum Corneum in epidermis

61
Q

How is the structure of Non-hairy (thick) skin relevant to its function

A

Prevent tissue loss due to abrasion (thick stratum Corneum)

Increased friction between skin and surfaces (No sebaceous glands so no lubricating sebum)

Increased sensation (MANY mechanoreceptors)

62
Q

Where are Melanocytes located?

A

Basal cell layer

63
Q

What are melanosomes?

A

Organelles produced by melanocytes

64
Q

What do melanosomes do?

A

Synthesis melanin

65
Q

What is the function of melanin?

A

Covers the nuclei of cells in the Epidermis to protect DNA from UV damage
(Stops formation of Thymine dimers)

66
Q

What are Langerhans cells?

A

Macrophages residing in the epidermis
They are dendritic cells (present pathogenic antigens to Reticuloendothelial system)

67
Q

Where are Langerhans cells found?

A

Most prevalent in Stratum spinosum

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