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My Body Logs > Lecture 22 - Basic Anatomy Of The Nervous System > Flashcards

Lecture 22 - Basic Anatomy Of The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we need a nervous system?

A

Diffusion of secondary messengers is not fast enough in large organisms. Therefore they have a Nervous system to coordinate their actions

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2
Q

What are the 3 basic steps that nervous system follows in responding to the environment?

A

Receptors detect sensory input/stimulus
This information is processed by the Coordination centres
Then a motor output is produced by the effectors

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3
Q

The Nervous system can be split into 2 systems. What are these systems?

A

CNS
PNS

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4
Q

What is the CNS composed of?

A

Brain
Spinal cord

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5
Q

What is the CNSs ability to regenerate after damage like?

A

Poor

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6
Q

What is the PNS?

A

Everything that is not the brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

What are the 2 systems that the PNS can be divided into?

A

Somatic Nervous system
Autonomic nervous system

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8
Q

What is the function of the Somatic Nervous system within the PNS?

A

Collects information we are conscious of
They are the nerves that cause voluntary actions

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9
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous system responsible for within the PNS?

A

Responsible for doing the stuff we are not conscious of

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10
Q

What are the 3 parts which the Autonomic Nervous system can be divided into?

A

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric

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11
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system? Does it have a wide or targeted affect?

A

The fight or flight responses
Has more general affect on the wider body

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12
Q

What is the neurotransmitter used in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Noradrenaline

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13
Q

What is the function of the Parasympathetic nervous system? Does it have a wide or targeted affect?

A

The rest and digest responses
It is targeted to an end organ to have a localised action
Usually affects glands

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14
Q

What is the function of the Autonomic Enteric nervous system?

A

The intrinsic nervous system of the GI tract
It’s is quite primitive
It’s how GI bacteria communicate with the brain

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15
Q

What is a Ganglion?

A

A collection of neurone cell bodies (perikaryons)outside of the brain

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16
Q

What is the function of the Dorsal root?

A

Connects nerves to the back/anterior of the spinal cord

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17
Q

What is the function of the Ventral root?

A

Connects nerves to the front/anterior of the spinal cord

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18
Q

Describe the structure of gray matter in the spinal cord

A

Butterfly shaped
Contains neurones (unmyelinated, dendrites and blood vessels)

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19
Q

Describe the structure of the white matter in the spinal cord

A

Peripheral
Contains mainly myelinated axons (myelin is lipid so is white)
Lots of Oligodendrocytes

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20
Q

How many segments is the spinal cord split up into?

A

31 segments
So 31 pairs of spinal nerves

21
Q

What does the map of the Human Dermatome show?

A

Shows which pair of 31 pairs of spinal nerves supply areas of the skin

22
Q

What are the 5 types of spinal nerves?

A

Cervical nerves (8)
Thoracic nerves (12)
Lumbar nerves (5)
Sacral (5)
Coccygeal (1)

23
Q

Look in notability at the for the Diagram for Basic Spinal cord wiring.
Try and describe the way the sensory neurone travels and how the motor neuron travels
What would indicated dorsal root damage?
What would indicate ventral root damage?
What would indicate spinal nerve damage?

A

Dorsal root damage - only sensory is affected
Ventral root damage - motor and autonomic fibres affected
Spinal nerve damage- both sensory and motor autonomic affected since the spinal nerve is made by the joining of the dorsal root and ventral root

24
Q

How many neurones are chained in the Autonomic Nervous system?

A

2 are chained between the CNS and target organ

25
Q

Where is the synapse between the 2 chained neurones in the Autonomic nervous system located?

A

In an autonomic ganglion

26
Q

Where is the preganglionic neurone perikaryon located?

A

CNS

27
Q

Where is the Postganglionic Neurone Perikaryon located?

A

In an autonomic ganglion

28
Q

Describe the length of the Preganglionic neurones axon and the postganglionic neurone in the Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous system

A

SHORT Preganglionic
LONG Postganglionic

29
Q

Describe the length of the Preganglionic neurones axon and the postganglionic neurone in the Parasympathetic Autonomic Nervous system

A

LONG Preganglionic axon
SHORT Postganglionic axon

30
Q

In the Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic) which neurones are myelinated?
Preganglionic or Postganglionic?

A

Preganglionics are myelinated
Postganglionic are non-myelinated

31
Q

Where are Autonomic Sympathetic Preganglionic neurone Perikaryons found in the CNS?

A

Found in the lateral horn of the spinal cord from the T1-L2 segments

32
Q

What is Thoracolumbar outflow?

A

The sympathetic nerves which span from through all 12 of the thoracic segments of the spinal cord and the first 2 lumbar segment of the spinal cord

33
Q

What are and where is the lateral horn found?

A

Extra horns which are only found in the sympathetic portions of the Autonomic nervous system
It is where the sympathetic Preganglionic neurones reside

34
Q

Where are the Autonomic Parasympathetic perikaryons found in the CNS?

A

2 separate regions
Along whole length of Brainstem
Sacral spinal cord segments S2, S3 and S4

35
Q

What is Craniosacral outflow?

A

The parasympathetic nerves which span through all of the brainstem and the 2nd, 3rd and 4th sacral cord segements

36
Q

How is the sympathetic nervous system layed out?

A

Short Preganglionic neurones from the T1 segment to the L2 segment lead to Sympathetic ganglia

SYmpathetic ganglia arranged into 2 chains of gangli called Sympathetic chains

37
Q

How is the parasympathetic system laid out?

A

The postganglionic neurones are located in the wall of the target regions

This means the preganglionic neurone axons are long and the postganglionic neurone axons are short

38
Q

How do sympathetics communicate with spinal nerves generally?

A

Through the white and then gray ramus communicans

39
Q

Describe how the impulse travels from the spinal cord to the rest of the body if its using the SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

Starts in ventral horn, travels along ventral root through preganglionic neurone
This travels across a WHITE ramus communicans to a Ganglion in the sympathetic chain
Here it synapses to a postganglionic neurone
The postganglionic neuron passes across the GRAY ramus communicans back to the spinal nerve where it can then travel to its destination in the body

40
Q

Where do Sympathetic preganglionics exist?

A

In only the T1-L2 segments of the cord

41
Q

How do sympathetics communicate with the rest of the body?

A

Can synapse at the level of entry if target is between the T1-L2 segments

Impulse can ascend the sympathetic chain then synapse to supply head and neck(postganglionic as get to targets along blood vessel walls)

Impulse can descend the chain then synapse to supply lower limbs

42
Q

What is the importance of the sympathetic chain?

A

It facilitates sympathetic impulse transmission outside of the thoracic spine

43
Q

Where do Parasympathetic preganglionic neurones normally synapse?

A

In ganglia that sit close to their target organ/region

44
Q

What is the major source of parasympathetic preganglionic input to the thoracic and abdominal viscera?

A

The vagus nerve (Tenth cranial nerve)

45
Q

What are the 4 specialised parasympathetic ganglia?

A

Ciliary ganglion
Pterygopalatin ganglion
Submandibular ganglion
Optic ganglion

46
Q

Where does the ciliary ganglion receive parasympathetic Preganglionics from?

Where does the ciliary ganglion distribute the parasympathetic postganglionics to?

A

Receives from Oculomotor nerve
Distributes to the Eye

47
Q

Where does the pterygopalatine ganglion receive parasympathetic Preganglionics from?

Where does the pterygopalatine ganglion distribute the parasympathetic postganglionics to?

A

Receives from Facial nerve
Distributes to Lacrimal Gland

48
Q

Where does the submandibular ganglion receive parasympathetic Preganglionics from?

Where does the submandibular ganglion distribute the parasympathetic postganglionics to?

A

Receives from the Facial Nerve
Distributes to Submandibular and Sublingual salivary glands

49
Q

Where does the Otic ganglion receive parasympathetic Preganglionics from?

Where does the Otic ganglion distribute the parasympathetic postganglionics to?

A

Receives from the Glossopharyngeal nerve
Distributes to the Parotid gland

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