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My Body Logs > Lecture 7 - Glands Introduction > Flashcards

Lecture 7 - Glands Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a gland?

A

An epithelial cell or an aggregate o epithelial cells that are specialised for the secretion of a substance

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2
Q

What is a secretion?

A

The production and release of materials by a cell or aggregate of cells

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3
Q

Give an example of a single celled gland and name its secretion:

A

Goblet cell
Mucin

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4
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

A gland that secretes directly into the blood allowing the secretion to act at distant parts of the body

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5
Q

What are the secretions called that are released from endocrine glands?

A

Hormones

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6
Q

Give some examples of endocrine glands and their hormones:

A

Hypothalamus - TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH, GHIH, PRH
Anterior pituitary - ACTH, LH, FSH, TSH, Prolactin, GH
Posterior pituitary - ADH and Oxytocin
Thyroid gland - T3, T4 and Calcitonin

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7
Q

What type of cell are all of the cells in endocrine glands?

A

Simple cuboidal cells

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8
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A

Glands that release their secretions through ducts into a location or region of the body

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9
Q

What are the secretions from exocrine glands usually?

A

Enzymes
Lubricants

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10
Q

Give some examples of exocrine glands and their secretions:

A

Salivary gland
Pancreas (amylase, Lipase and trypsin)
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands (sebum)
Lachrymose glands (fluid and lysozyme tears)

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11
Q

What is adenogenesis?

A

Gland formation
Adeno = Gland
Genesis = formation

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12
Q

Describe adenogenesis of an endocrine gland:

A

FGF Growth signal received
Proliferation of epithelial cells occurs and grows downwards into connective tissue
Extracellular protein degradation enzymes produced
Angiogenic factors made to stimulate blood vessel growth around epithelial cells
Extracellular protein degradation enzymes kill cells at stalk causing the stalk to break off

Separated aggregation of cells made

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13
Q

Describe adenogenesis of an exocrine gland:

A

FGF growth signal received
Proliferation of epithelial cells occurs and grows downwards into connective tissue
Extracellular protein degradation enzymes produced
Central cells die of to produce duct (CANALICULARISATION)
Significant amount of branching occurs

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14
Q

How does branching occur?

A

Alternate activation or unequal activation of Growth Factor 1 and Growth factor 2

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15
Q

What does Growth factor 1 stimulate when active?

A

Tubule elongation

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16
Q

What does Growth factor 2 stimulate when active?

A

Tubule branching

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17
Q

In exocrine glands, which cells release the secretions?

A

Cells at the Apex of the duct

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18
Q

What is the name give to the functional cells at the apex of the duct in exocrine glands?

A

Parenchyma cells

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19
Q

What are myoepithelial cells?

A

Cells in exocrine glands that have features of an epithelial cell and smooth muscle cell

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20
Q

What is the function of a myoepithelial cell?

A

To help eject secretions from exocrine ducts

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21
Q

What do myoepithelial cells do?

A

Help eject secretions from exocrine ducts

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22
Q

What are the 2 types of Simple tubular duct?

A

Simple tubular
Simple branched tubular

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23
Q

Where can an example of a simple tubular duct be found?

A

Intestinal glands

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24
Q

Where can an example of a simple branched tubular duct be found?

A

Stomach glands (make HCl)

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25
Q

What are the 2 types of Simple Alveolar ducts?

A

Simple alveolar
Simple branched alveolar

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26
Q

Where can an example of a simple alveolar duct be found?

A

NONE IN HUMANS

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27
Q

Where can an example of a simple branched alveolar duct be found?

A

Sebaceous glands

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28
Q

Where can a Compound Tubular duct be found?

A

Duodenal glands of small intestine

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29
Q

What are the 2 types of compound alveolar ducts?

A

Compound alveolar
Compound tubuloalveolar

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30
Q

Where can an example of a compound alveolar gland be found?

A

Mammary glands

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31
Q

Where can an example of a Compound tubuloalveolar gland be found?

A

Salivary glands

32
Q

What does alveolar mean?

A

Berry shaped

33
Q

What does striated mean?

A

Striped

34
Q

What does demilune mean?

A

Half moon

35
Q

What does intercalating mean?

A

Inserts between

36
Q

What does acinus mean?

A

Sac like or alveolar

37
Q

What are the 3 types of secretion?

A

Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine

38
Q

What is merocrine secretion?

A

Fusion of vesicles with the apical membrane
(A form of exocytosis)

39
Q

What is Apocrine secretion?

A

Partial loss of the cytoplasm
(A portion of the cell is pinched off and lost)
APical surface is lost

40
Q

What is Holocrine secretion?

A

Complete loss of the cytoplasm so cell dies

41
Q

What are the 2 types of merocrine secretion?

A

Regulated
Constitutive

42
Q

How does regulated merocrine secretion work?

A

Cargo accumulates in large vesicles
Vesicles released by exocytosis upon stimulation from Ca2+ ions

43
Q

How does constitutive merocrine secretion work?

A

Secretory product packaged into small vesicles which are continuously released to the cells surface

Repopulates plasma membrane with plasma proteins

44
Q

What is a drug which can help treat diabetes by acting on beta cells?

A

Sulphonyl urea

45
Q

How does the drug sulponyl urea act to help treat diabetes?

A

It binds to sulphoyl urea receptor on ATP sensitive K+ ion channel on Beta cell causing it to close without the need for increased glucose

Cell depolarises
Ca2+ voltage gated ion channel opens
Calcium influx
Insulin released via regulated merocrine secretion

46
Q

During lactation, what are secreted by apocrine secretion?

A

Fats
Proteins

47
Q

Where does Holocrine secretion take place?

A

Sebaceous gland

48
Q

Briefly describe how Holocrine secretion works:

A

Cell fills up with secretory granules
Organelles and cell dies
Plasma membrane breaks and cell contents released
Dead cells replaced by basal cells

49
Q

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus in secretion?

A

It packages and processes proteins in regulated or constitutive pathway of merocrine secretion

50
Q

Which face does a protein enter the Golgi and then leave the Golgi?

A

Enters = Cis face
Leaves = Trans face

51
Q

What often happens to a protein as it travels from the cis face (convex) through to the trans face (concave) of the Golgi?

A

Glycosylation

51
Q

What often happens to a protein as it travels from the cis face (convex) through to the trans face (concave) of the Golgi?

A

Glycosylation

52
Q

What is the definition of glycosylation?

A

The covalent attachment of sugars by ENZYMES to proteins and lipids to form glycoproteins and glycolipids

53
Q

What is the definition of Glycation?

A

Covalent attachment of sugars to proteins and lipids WITHOUT ENZYMES

54
Q

What is the purpose of glycosylation of lipids and proteins in the Golgi?

A

Prevent destruction by enzymes (Intracellular proteases and lipases)

Aids protein folding
Cell recognition
Cell to extracellular matrix attachment (proteoglycans)

55
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Secretion/release of molecules outside the cell via a vesicle fusing to a membrane

56
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Engulfing of molecules inside the cell via vesicle formation

57
Q

What are the 2 types of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis

58
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

The process by which cells (phagocytes) engulf other cells or particles

59
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

The process by which liquid droplets are ingested by cells

Used in all cells especially smooth muscle cells

60
Q

What is transepithelial transport?

A

The directed movement of a substance from one side of epithelium to another

61
Q

How does transepithelial transport use paracellular transport?

A

Molecules can diffuse through channels between cells called gap junctions (they clap open and closed)

62
Q

How does transepithelial transport use trancellular transport?

A

Molecules diffuse through lipid cell membranes

63
Q

How does transepithelial transport use carrier proteins?

A

Molecules can bind to carrier proteins which can by transported into then out of the epithelial cell

64
Q

How does transepithelial transport allow impermeable molecules to be transported through the epithelial cells?

A

BInd to cell surface receptor
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Then expelled in vesicle via exocytosis

65
Q

Which molecules are transported via paracellular transport?

A

Amino acids (hormone production)

66
Q

Which molecules travel via trans cellular transport?

A

Steroid hormones

67
Q

Which molecules travel via carrier proteins across epithelial cells?

A

Thyroxine transport across thyroid follicular cell

68
Q

Which molecule uses receptor mediated endocytosis then exocytosis to travel?

A

Cholesterol

69
Q

What are the 3 negative feedback systems which regulate hormone release?

A

Hormonal
Neuronal
Humoral

70
Q

What is humoral regulation for hormone release?

A

Changes of the levels of something in the blood that is not a hormone stimulates/regulates the release of secretions from glands

71
Q

Give an example of a gland under humoral control and state its humoral stimulus:

A

Parathyroid gland
Blood Ca2+ levels
Releases PTH to increase blood Ca2+ levels

72
Q

What is neurocrine communication?

A

When a hormone originates in a neurone and is then secreted by the neurone

73
Q

Where doe neurocrine secretion/communication take place?

A

Neurones originating in hypothalamus synthesise ADH and oxytocin which travels to the posterior pituitary for storage

74
Q

What is the name of the portal system which hormones produced by the hypothalamus are released into to affect the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

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