Lecture 8; 9/13 Flashcards
Test 2
Name 2 pressure sensors.
Pacinian Corpuscle
Meissner’s Corpuscle
What is the pressure sensor for the skeletal muscle?
Golgi tendon apparatus
What is the stretch sensor in skeletal muscle?
Muscle Spindle
What does somatic mean?
Sensible - to be able to feel
What are the pain sensors?
Free nerve endings; nocieptors
What is adaptation in relation to sensory receptors?
Resetting process: sensors can adapt to a change
What is reverse adaptation?
Mostly seen with pain. When pain receptor is exposed to prolonged pain and the receptor becomes more sensitive.
Thats why its important to take pain meds when prescribed and to tackle pain immediately
What is 1 way to prevent reverse adaptation?
Nerve block. Free nerve ending never exposed to pain therefore preventing the prolonged exposure.
What is an example of adaptation?
Baroreceptors in high CO.
What is the job of the somatic sensory receptors?
To turn physical force into electrical current
What are the sending and recieving end in synapses called?
Pre- and Post-synaptic terminals
Directional Nomenclature: Superior
Above
Directional Nomenclature: Inferior
Below
Directional Nomenclature: Dorsal
Back
Directional Nomenclature: Ventral
Front
Directional Nomenclature: Anterior
Front
Directional Nomenclature: Posterior
Back
Directional Nomenclature: Medial
Midline
Directional Nomenclature: Lateral
To the side
Directional Nomenclature: Rostral
Front and upper
Directional Nomenclature: Caudal
Lower and rear
Directional Nomenclature: Distal
Further from CNS
Directional Nomenclature: Proximal
Closer to CNS
Directional Nomenclature: superficial
closer to the skin
Directional Nomenclature: Deep
further from the skin
Planes/Cross Sections: Sagittal
Separates L from R of the body
Planes/Cross Sections: Coronal
Separates anterior from posterior
Planes/Cross Sections: horizontal
Separates superior from inferior
Planes/Cross Sections: Oblique
Odd angle that is not sagittal, coronal, or horizontal
What are the 2 parts of the brain?
Telencephalon and Diencephalon
What does the telencephalon consist of and where is it located?
Cerebral hemispheres (cerebral cortex)
It is located superior to the diencephalon
What does the Diencephalon consist of and where is it located?
It is the connecting point between the brainstem and telencephalon. It includes the hypothalamus and thalamus.
Inferior to the telencephalon
Superior to the brainstem
What is the importance of the hypothalamus?
It is an importantt control center and sensory area
Includes: infection sensors, body temp sensors, osmo receptors
What is the importance of the thalamus?
Important relationship center between cerebral cortex, brain stem, and the rest of the body.
What does the brainstem consist of and their locations?
- Midbrain (mesencephalon); most superior part of brainstem; inferior to diencephalon
- Pons; (Looks like big circle in brainstem) inferior to midbrain; superior to medulla oblongata
- Medula oblongata; most inferior part of brainstem; inferior to pons; superior to spinal cord.
- brainstem anterior to cerebellum; inferior to brain
Neuroanatomy terms: Sulcus
Groove
Neuroanatomy terms: Gyrus
Lump: lumps of tissue separated by grooves.
multiple lumps called Gyri
Neuroanatomy terms: Fissure
Really deep grooves
What are the 4 major Lobes?
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal
Describe the Frontal lobe
Thinking and movement
Most anterior lobe
Describe the Parietal lobe
Senses
Most inferior lobe
Describe the Occipital lobe
Vision
Most posterior lobe
Describe the Temporal lobe
Auditory (hearing), language, music
Lateral sides
What are the 4 major landmarks in the brain?
Central sulcus: separates frontal and parietal lobe
Temporolateral fissure: separates frontal and temporal lobe
Longitudinal fissure: Separates the L and R side of brain (sagittal plane)
Netter Plate 105
What is the major anatomical fissure when dissecting the brain?
Central Sulcus - separates frontal and parietal lobe
Which nerve is part of the CNS?
Optic Nerve (cranial nerve II)
How does the longitudinal fissure contribute to communication in the brain?
It creates a boundary that has to be gone around for communication
What is crossover?
A place where the L and R side of parts of the CNS can communicate
Where does crossover happen in white matter in the brain? Describe
Corpus Callosum
Can only see if brain is cut in half (sagittal)
Contains lots of myelinated neurons.
Describe Wernicke’s area
Language comprehension intelligence
Located in the temporal lobe
Describe Broca’s area
Word formation (motor skill)
Located in frontal lobe
Describe the Precentral gyrus
primary motor cortex
Responsible for movement
Most posterior part of frontal lobe
Anterior to the central sulcus
Describe the postcentral gyrus
Somatic sensory area
Posterior to the central sulcus
Most anterior part of parietal lobe
What lobe is responsible for thinking?
The most anterior part of the frontal lobe
What is the Limbic system responsible for?
Emotional responses
Found in various places in brain.
Describe the spinal cord
Quick problem solving and decision making made in spinal cord (doesnt have to go to brain)
Narrow; not wider than a quarter
Grey matter: Thinking/decision making part of CNS; Cell bodies; Dendrites; axons
White matter (more myelinated axons): Transmitting decisions; mostly axons
What is the brain suspended in and why?
CSF
It provides a buffer for protection
What happens in a concussion?
Damage to the grey matter
Where does crossover happen in the white matter in the Spine?
Anterior White Commissure (AWC)
Where does crossover happen in the grey matter in the spinal cord?
Lamina X (ten)
What shape do you see in the spinal cord?
Butterfly
Where does sensory information feed into the spinal cord?
The Dorsal horns
Posterior part of butterfly in spinal cord
Compare the posterior and anterior median fissures
The anterior is wider because it has a big artery in it.
Describe the central canal
Flows through the middle of the Lamina X.
Lined with ciliated cells to carry CSF through spinal cord where it exits at the end and surrounds the spinal areas.
Where is CSF produced?
In the brain
Where does the motor function exit the spinal cord?
The ventral horns. Most anterior part of the butterfly in the spinal cord
Why is perfusion so highly regulated in the spinal cord?
Because without blood flow there is no communication
Where does spinal cord get its blood from?
Mostly branches from the intercostal arteries from the ribs that connect to the cord
Arteries:
Posterior
Anterior
Segmental
Sulcal
Coronal
Spinal cord venous drainage;
Veins:
Posterior
Anterior
Spinal
Radicular
Sulcal
__________ sensory through the _________ is when information is going in
Ascending
Posterior rootlets
__________ motor function through the _________ is when information is going out
Descending
Anterior rootlets
Point out the Ascending and Descending pathways through the spinal cord
Go to blank picture
Where do the rootlets come together?
the anterior and posterior roots
Where do the roots come together?
The Spinal nerve
What is special about the posterior root?
Has a large lump which is a collection of cell bodies from our pseudo unipolar neurons: called the spinal ganglion
What are the 5 areas of the spine and how many vertebrae and spinal nerves do each have? How are they oriented?
- Cervial: 7 vertebrae; 8 spinal nerves. 1 spinal nerve PAIR above C1; all other spinal nerves below vertebrae starting at C2
- Thoracic: 12 vertebrae; 12 spinal nerves all below the vertebrae
- Lumbar: 5V; 5 spinal nerves all below the vertebrae
- Sacral: We start out with 5V at birth and they fuse; 5 spinal nerves located under where each V originally was. S1-S5 spinal nerves but all vertebrae are fused.
- Coccygeal: Under sacrum; base of spine; we start off with 4 but they fuse into 2V; 1 pair of spinal nerves
Describe the spinal nerve exit points
C2-C8: Head, neck, shoulders, arms, hands
T1-T12: bottom of arm-chest/back
L1-L5: pelvis-front of legs
S1-S5: back of legs, butt
What is the purpose of our spine being S-shaped?
Springy structures with cartlidge thats surrounded by CFS thats good at absorbing shock.
What is lordosis?
Convex anterior curvature
What is kyphosis?
Concave posterior curvature
Where does the body have natural lordosis?
Cervical and Lumbar spine
Where does the body have natural kyphosis?
Sacral and Thoracic
What is scoliosis?
Pathologic lateral curvature
What gives the humpback look?
pathologic thoracic kyphosis
What happens when there is too much curvature?
Pathologic; spine wont absorb shock well.
What is kyphoscoliosis?
Pathologic lateral and forward curvature
Why cant newborn babies hold their head up?
When we are born all we have is kyphotic curvature therefore there’s no balance and spine cant absorb shock.
What does foramen mean?
Opening
What happens to the vertebrae sizes as you go up the spine?
They ger smaller
What does articular mean?
Connecting
What are processes?
Palpable bony extensions
What are the processes in a vertebrae?
Be able to indentify them
-Spinous process
-transverse process
-superior articular process
-inferior articular process
Identify vertebrae anatomy
Refer to a blank picture
Where is cartlidge on the vertebrae?
Inferior acrticular facet joint
Where are the cords and the nerve roots on a vertebrae?
Vertebrae foramen
The vertebrae foramen is ________ in the C-Spine to accomodate a ________ spinal cord towards the top of the spine.
Larger
Larger
What vertebraes have bifid spinous processes?
C2-C5 almost always
C6 50% of the time
C7 3% of the time
What is a bifid?
2 projections in the spinous process exclusive to the C-spine
What are 2 traits that are special to all C-spine vertebrae?
They all have an additional set of foramen located in the transverse process: 2 arteries run through C1-C6; an artery does NOT run through C7
They have a sulcus in the transverse process for spinal nerves; This is a hallowed out transverse processes; This is a groove/cavity that neck spinal nerves lay in.
What is C1 called and what does it do?
Atlas
Specialized vertebrae to stabilize the skull
Has unique connections with C2
What is C2 called and what does it do?
Axis
Has a special connection with C1 (Atlas) and helps with the stabilization of the skull.
Where is the Telencephalon located?
Superior to the Diencephalon
Where is the Diencephalon located?
Inferior to the telencephalon
