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A/P > Lecture 10/11 > Flashcards

Lecture 10/11 Flashcards

End Test 2

1
Q

What does the Length-Tension graph show?

A

How well the muscle is being stretched out

Active tension

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2
Q

What happens to the H-band during a contraction?

A

Doesnt change

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3
Q

T/F: Myosin stretches wide

A

F

Myosin has a fixed width; cant stretch/compress

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4
Q

What happens when a muscle is over/under stretched in skeletal muscle?

A

AP wont produce much force/contraction

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5
Q

What is the optimal stretch of a skeletal muscle sacromere?

A

2 micrometers

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6
Q

What is active tension?

A

Force generated when shocked and AP generated

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7
Q

How do you calculate active force?

A

apply force transducer at top of muscle

apply wt at bottom of muscle for passive tension

The measurement the transducer gives now is PASSIVE TENSION

Shock the muscle

The measurement the transducer gives during the shock is the TOTAL TENSION
Active tension = total tension - passive tension

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8
Q

What is passive tension?

A

outside force used to over/under stretch a sacromere

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9
Q

What is the equation for total tension?

A

Active tension + Passive tension

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10
Q

What happens to velocity as you increase the weight?

A

The velocity decreases

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11
Q

With a lighter load the muscle can shorten ______

A

faster

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12
Q

With a heavier load, the muscle will shorten _______

A

slower, if at all

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13
Q

What happens in the heart if you increase weight, which decreases velocity?

A

Heart failure

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14
Q

What is summation?

A

Measurement of first full contraction

5hz/sec

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15
Q

When does tettany happen?

A

40 Hz/s

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16
Q

At what rate of contraction is the muscle unable to go back to baseline?

A

12 Hertz per second

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17
Q

What is tettany?

A

When we lose twitches d/t so much Ca++ in the cell from rapid AP saturating the Ca++ receptors

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18
Q

Define Quantal (#)

A

Recruiting more motor units, or larger ones, when needing to produce more force

Dependent on electrical activity

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19
Q

Why does tettany happen?

A

The contractions are happening so fast that calcium is unable completely returned back to the SR, causing calcium buildup in the cell.

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20
Q

What happens to your muscles during atrophy?

A

Muscles has been inactive for an extended period of time

Decrease in number of myofibrils or even skeletal muscle cells causing the overall size of the muscle to shrink

skeletal muscle cells are hard to replace

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21
Q

What happens to your muscles during hypertrophy?

A

Normally d/t exercise

Increase in the number of myofibrils and size of large blood vessles causing the size of the muscle to increase.

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22
Q

What happens to your muscles during hyperplasia?

A

Generating new skills or muscle cells at a very low rate.

Cell division increases risk for cancer

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23
Q

How much of our body weight is smooth muscle?

A

10%

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24
Q

T/F: skeletal muscle is stronger than smooth muscle

A

F

Smooth muscle a stronger per gram

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25
Q

What is the ratio of Actin to myosin in Skelton muscle?

A

2:1

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26
Q

What is the ratio of actin to myosin and smooth muscle?

A

10-20:1

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27
Q

What anchors the actin together in smooth muscle? (acts as z-disc)

A

Dense bodies

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28
Q

Describe the SR in smooth muscle?

A

Dependent on outside Ca++
Underdeveloped

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29
Q

How many times can the skeleton muscle contract before running out of calcium in the SR?

A

1000s

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30
Q

T/F: in smooth muscle, it takes longer for the myosin head to release from F-actin

A

T

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31
Q

Describe the latch mechanism in smooth muscle

A

The cross bridge cycling is slower in smooth muscle compared to skeletal muscle. Therefore it can maintain that contraction for a longer time with less energy being used.

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32
Q

What gives smooth muscle vessels it’s tone?

A

Leaky Ca++ channels

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33
Q

What happens when there is no calcium in the blood?

A

You will have no BP, because calcium gives the blood vessels its tone.

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34
Q

What are the two things that contribute to vascular tone?

A

Ca++
The heart pumping blood

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35
Q

What is another name for a visceral smooth muscle?

A

Unitary smooth muscle

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36
Q

Describe, visceral smooth muscle

A

“Unitary smooth muscle”

Behaves as a unit
Has gap junctions therefore neighboring cells are effected

37
Q

What type of smooth muscle is most of our body?

A

Visceral muscle

38
Q

Hollow organs are normally _____ muscle

A

visceral

39
Q

How does multiunit, smooth muscle tissue communicate?

A

Through neurotransmitters released in the area

40
Q

What is multiunit smooth muscle used for?

A

Fine-tuning
Small amounts of force

41
Q

Examples of multiunit smooth muscles

A

Ciliary muscles in the eye

Iris muscle in the eye to determine how much light gets in

42
Q

What type of smooth muscle is used in the esophagus?

A

hybrid visceral and multiunit smooth muscle

43
Q

What are the three layers of smooth muscle in blood vessels? and where are they?

A

Endothelial layer - innermost
Vascular smooth muscle - middle
Adventitia - outter and structural layer

44
Q

Which layer of smooth muscle in the blood vessels lines the entire cardiovascular system?

A

Endothelial layer

45
Q

What is another name for the endothelial layer?

A

Tunica Intima

46
Q

What is another name for the vascular smooth muscle layer?

A

Tunica media

47
Q

What is another name for the adventitia layer?

A

Tunica Adventitia

48
Q

Which two layers in smooth muscles in the blood vessels communicate the neurotransmitters?

A

Tunica Intima (endothelial)
Tunica Media (vascular smooth muscle)

49
Q

capillaries only have_________ and no smooth muscle

A

endothelium

50
Q

T/F: smooth muscle sacromeres have a M-line

A

F

51
Q

T/F: smooth muscle can shorten to more than half their length

A

T

52
Q

What are some differences between the Sacromere of the skeletal muscle and smooth muscle?

A

Orientation of the myosin head
No M-line
Can shorten a lot more

53
Q

What does acetylcholine receptors do in the small intestine?

A

Contracts

54
Q

What does acetylcholine receptors do in the blood vessels?

A

Relax

55
Q

What does tropomysin do in smooth muscle?

A

Nothing

56
Q

What does calmodulin do in smooth muscle?

A

binds to calcium and activates MLCK

57
Q

What does MLCK do in smooth muscle?

A

Cycles ATP and phosphorylates and activates the regulatory light chain myosin head

58
Q

MLCK =

A

Myosin Light Chain Kinase

59
Q

Describe the smooth muscle contraction pathway

A
  1. Smooth muscle enters the cell via the SR, L-type channels, or Ca++ ion channels
  2. Calmodulin binds to calcium
  3. Calmodulin and calcium activate MLCK
  4. MLCK cycles ATP, and phosphorylates and activates the regulatory myosin light chain
  5. The myosin regulatory light chain pulls on the actin, causing a shortening of the Sacromere, which causes a contraction
60
Q

Are actin active sites, hidden in smooth muscle?

A

No

61
Q

Kinase =
Phosphatase =

A

adds a phosphate

takes away a phosphate

62
Q

What does decreasing calcium in smooth muscle do?

A

muscle relaxation

63
Q

What does myosin phosphatase do in smooth muscle?

A

Takes the phosphate off the regulatory myosin light chains

causes muscle relaxation

64
Q

What are the three pumps that contribute to muscle relaxation?

A

NCX – Primary
SERCA
PMCA (plasma membrane Ca++ ATPase)

65
Q

What gets rid of the extra Na++ coming into smooth muscle from getting rid of Ca++ from the NCX?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

66
Q

What two neurotransmitters can increase eNOS?

A

Ach
Bradykinin

67
Q

What does NO do?

A

Increase Guanylyl cyclase
Increase cGMP
Increase PKG

PKG inhibits MLCK
Muscle relaxation

68
Q

What does PKG do to Ca++ channels?

A

Phosphorylates them causing them to close

Descreases Ca++ = decrease contractions

69
Q

T/F: Ca++ binding to calmodulin in the endothelium changes the shape, and can increase the activity of eNOS. This will increase the activity of eNOS and argine which will ultimately lead to muscle relaxation

A

T

70
Q

What is phosphodiesterase?

A

Shut down cGMP quickly, causing decrease relaxation

71
Q

What inhibits phosphodiesterase?
What happens when you inhibit this?

A

Slidenafil

Increase relaxation

72
Q

T/F: cGMP is unstable and will fall apart

A

T

73
Q

T/F: smooth muscle doesn’t need an AP or calcium for a contraction

A

T

Ca++ is enough to not have an AP.
When there is no Ca++ something else can manipulate the pathway possibly.

74
Q

What are long AP in smooth muscles probably from?

A

L-type channels

75
Q

What is the only neurotransmittor that can constrict blood brain vessels?

A

Serotonin

76
Q

What type of medication can we use for headaches because it constricts blood vessels in the blood brain?

A

SSRIs

77
Q

Describe what Alpha 1 receptors do in smooth muscle

A

G(q) –> increase PLC –> increases IP3 and DAG

78
Q

In the cardiac muscle: Where does the Ca++ come from?

A

T-type Ca++ channels (primary)
L-type
SR

79
Q

In the cardiac muscle: how do you get the SR to release Ca++

A

Ca++ induced Ca++ release (CICR)

Outside Ca++ has to come in 1st to trigger the release from the SR

80
Q

T/F: In the cardiac muscle: The SR is well developed

A

T

81
Q

In the cardiac muscle: how much Ca++ comes from the SR vs outside?

A

SR - 80%

Outside 20%

82
Q

Describe a T-tubules in the cardiac muscle?

A

Large

Use the store outside calcium until needed for AP

83
Q

In the cardiac muscle: what is phospholamban

A

Inhibitory proteins for SERCA. Allows calcium to be in cardiac muscle for a longer = longer contraction

84
Q

What happens when you give a give a drug that inhibits phospholamban?

A

Ca++ gets into the SR faster via SERCA = faster contracters = increased HR

85
Q

In the cardiac muscle: how is Ca++ taken out?

A

SERCA - 80%
NCX - 15%
PMCA - 5%

86
Q

In the cardiac muscle: What is calsequestrin?

A

Found in ALL SR

sequestrins protein - helps take something out of circulation

Helps concentrate Ca++ in SR

87
Q

What does a beta receptor do in the heart?

A

G(s)

Increases adenylyl cyclase
inceases cAMP
Increases PKA
Increases contraction and HR

88
Q

What does a muscarinic receptor do in the heart?

A

G(I)

inhibits adenylyl cyclase
decrease cAMP
decrease PKA
decrease contraction and HR

89
Q

What enzyme is found in all cardiac muscle cells?

A

Adenylyl cyclase

A/P (25 decks)

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