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Lecture 2 Flashcards

8/26

1
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

-Ase
catalyzes a chemical reaction

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2
Q

What are the organelles mentioned in class?

A

Peroxisomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, transport vesicles, secretory vesicles.

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3
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

Use acid to destroy proteins

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4
Q

What do peroxisomes do?

A

use oxidative reactions to degrade toxins in the liver

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5
Q

Categorize proteins.

A

Structural - helping the cell hold shape; barrier (allow or force something across the cell wall)

Functional - enzymes

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6
Q

What does glycolysis require? What does it produce? Where does it take place?

A

Sugar
Acetyl-CoA
Inside the cell

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7
Q

What charge does sugars have? And how does this affect proteins?

A

They have a negative charge and can repel negatively charged proteins. Used in the kidneys to repel protein

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8
Q

What are the sugar/starch prefixes?

A

Glyco-
Carb-
Carboxy-

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9
Q

What are key characteristics of sugar?

A

It is sticky; can be used as ID tags that are different from bacteria/virus ID tags

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10
Q

How does sugar being sticky affect other cells?

A

It allows other cells to stick and hold together. Sometimes the body looks at this as a foreign cell and will activate an immune response.

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11
Q

What is a carboxyhemoglobin?

A

Sugar and hemoglobin. It is less functional

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12
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

Helps produce ATP

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13
Q

Describe a lipid

A

A fat that is non charged; likes oily substances; likes to hang in the middle of cell wall

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13
Q

Briefly describe Mitochondrial DNA

A

Differs from human DNA; All Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from mother; We receive 12-20 sets

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14
Q

What are 2 motility structures?

A

Flagella - moves the actual cell
Cilla - moves substances around the cell

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15
Q

What is genetic material?

A

DNA and RNA

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16
Q

What is a major component in the turning the cell on and off?

A

The cell wall; Calcium

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17
Q

What is hydrophilic?

A

“water loving”; positively charged molecules love water.

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18
Q

What happens when you put an electrolyte compound in water?

A

It falls apart; Ex) NaCl- will dissociate when dissolved in a solution

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19
Q

What is hydrophobic?

A

“water hating”; uncharged molecules - typically fats/oils

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20
Q

What is the relationship between the chemistry of the water and drugs?

A

Drugs will not act the same in an unhealthy person (Unbalanced electrolytes and and off pH) than a healthy person.

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21
Q

What is soluble in water?

A

Ions, some proteins, carbs (charged compounds), some gasses, buffers, and some drugs (water soluble drugs)

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22
Q

What is insoluble in water?

A

Cholesterol (fat), steroid hormones, lipids, drugs (gasses: nitrous gas; propofol)

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23
Q

How do water insoluble drugs look and what do water soluble drugs need to get to the cvs?

A

They look oily and they need a carrier protein to get into the cvs

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24
Q

How much is total body water?

A

TBW is 60% of body mass

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25
Q

How do you find the the amount of ICF?

A

2/3 of TBW

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26
Q

How do you find the amount of ECF?

A

1/3 of TBW

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27
Q

What is considered ECF?

A

ISF and plasma

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28
Q

How do you find the amount of plasma?

A

ECF x (1/4) - ECF (1/5)

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29
Q

How do you find the amount of ISF?

A

ECF minus plasma

30
Q

What is ISF?

A

Interstitial fluid

31
Q

What are the values for TBW, ICF, ECF, Plasma, and ISF in a 70kg person?

A

TBW = 42 LITERS
ICF = 28 L
ECF = 14 L
Plasma = 2.8 - 3.5 L (Going to use 3L)
ISF = 11 L

32
Q

Describe the capillary membrane.

A

Separates the CVS from ISF. Very porous and permeable enough to allow small charged ions passage but tight enough to keep in plasma proteins

33
Q

Is the cell membrane permeable or impermeable?

A

It is impermeable; it is a tight barrier that doesn’t let charged compounds in without regulation

34
Q

What is the difference between “steady state” and equilibrium?

A

Steady state means to me a cell or environment’s respective “normal condition”, which correlated to homeostasis. Equilibrium means both sides being equal.

35
Q

Do ICF and ECF have equilibrium?

A

No. If they did, our cells and body would be completely messed up and would be an unhealthy condition.

36
Q

What does INTERcellular mean?

A

ECF; fluid between cells

37
Q

Values in ECF and ICF: Na+

A

ECF: 140 - 142
ICF: 1/10 of ECF

38
Q

Values in ECF and ICF: K+

A

ECF: 4
ICF: 30 x ECF
Helps with heart function

39
Q

What is the relationship between K+ and Na+ in ECF and ICF?

A

Almost opposite d/t the sodium-potassium enzyme pump

40
Q

Values in ECF and ICF: Ca++

A

10,000:1
Much higher concentration ECF than ICF
ICF virtually 0
Intracellular used as a signal to turn cell off & on so when its pulled into the cell its used up almost immediately

41
Q

Values in ECF and ICF: Mg++

A

ICF: 20
Higher ICF than ECF
Used in heart function and chemical reactions inside cell

42
Q

Values in ECF and ICF: Cl-

A

primary anion in ECF

43
Q

Values in ECF and ICF: HCO3-

A

Bicarb
Much higher in ECF
Primary buffer in ECF
Adjusted by the kidneys

44
Q

Values in ECF and ICF: HPO4; H2PO4-

A

Phosphate compounds
Higher in ICF
Intracellular buffer
Helps with turning things on and off inside the cell. Abundant in muscles
Energy storage system

45
Q

Values in ECF and ICF: Amino acids

A

Higher in ICF d/t proteins being built inside the cell

46
Q

Values in ECF and ICF: Creatine

A

Higher ICF
Found inside skeletal muscle cells
Acts as a short term energy reserve

47
Q

What is phosphocreatine?

A

creatine attached to a phosphate.
When the skeletal muscle is contracting, will pull phosphate off the creatine first before ATP. Depletes very quickly upon exertion.

48
Q

Values in ECF and ICF: Lactate

A

Higher in ICF
cell byproduct

49
Q

What does adenosine do in the CVS?

A

Helps open blood vessels to increase perfusion when there is an increase in metabolic demand.

50
Q

Values in ECF and ICF: Adenosine triphosphate

A

ATP
Adenosine + 3x Phosphates
Only in ICF
So valuable that it doesn’t leave the cell

51
Q

Can ATP leave the cell?

A

No. Using energy pulls the phosphates off adenosine; when all 3 phosphates are removed from the adenosine then ADENOSINE can leave the cell.

52
Q

Values in ECF and ICF: Glucose

A

Basically nonexistent in ICF because it is used almost immediately in glycolysis to produce ATP

53
Q

Values in ECF and ICF: Protein

A

ECF: Higher in Plasma than ISF because needed in CVS
ICF: 4; higher in ICF because its made inside cell

54
Q

Values in ECF and ICF: Total mOsm/L

A

About 300. All values added together

55
Q

Values in ECF and ICF: Corrected osmo

A

280-283

56
Q

What is corrected osmo?

A

The value after being corrected from the ions that are close together and acting as compounds.

57
Q

What value is related to corrected osmo?

A

Sodium; when Na in ECF is double it will give you the value of corrected osmo

58
Q

What is total osmotic pressure?

A

Pressure from all of the ICF and ECF at a body temperature of 37 degrees C; we don’t want all that pressure being exerted; relates to ICP

59
Q

What’s a precursor molecule?

A

A molecule that a cell needs to function; sometimes they are stuck in the cell wall if they are a lipid soluble molecule.

60
Q

What is a glycocalyx?

A

Glycolipid and glycoprotein together

61
Q

Where might you find a cholesterol?

A

Stuck in the cell wall because it is a lipid

62
Q

What happens to the cell in uncontrolled DM?

A

Extra sugars get stuck to the normal sugars on the cell; Cell looks different than normal; Body thinks its a foreign cell; inflammatory response occurs

63
Q

What is a peripheral protein?

A

Protein attached to the outside of the cell

64
Q

What is an integral protein?

A

Protein within the cell wall

65
Q

What is the tail made of in the phospholipid bilayer? Is it charged or uncharged? Where is it located?

A

Carbons and hydrogens
Uncharged because it is a lipid (hydrophobic)
In the middle of the cell membrane

66
Q

What is the head made of in the phospholipid bilayer? Is it charged or uncharged? Where is it located?

A

Polar group; phosphate; glycerol
Charged and hydrophilic
Located closest to cytoplasm and ECF (outer parts of cell wall)

67
Q

Why is the polar head important?

A

Because it is a polar substance charged compounds that are needed inside the cell can attach and be stored on it.

68
Q

What are the 3 main characteristics of a cholesterol?

A

Insoluble; Flat (planar) and Rigid at 37C

69
Q

What part of the cholesterol sticks out of the cell wall?

A

HO-
Cell will grab this part to pull the entire cholesterol inside cell if the cell needs it.

70
Q

What happens when you decrease the temperature in cholesterol?

A

Increase membrane fluidity which changes the texture and makes it more smooth. Ex) Ice cream

71
Q

What is cholesterol primarily used for?

A

Primary feed compound to produce sex hormone

72
Q

What does enzymatic action do to cholesterol?

A

Each enzymatic action manipulates the structures of cholesterol

A/P (6 decks)

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