Lecture 2 Flashcards
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What is an enzyme?
-Ase
catalyzes a chemical reaction
What are the organelles mentioned in class?
Peroxisomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, transport vesicles, secretory vesicles.
What do lysosomes do?
Use acid to destroy proteins
What do peroxisomes do?
use oxidative reactions to degrade toxins in the liver
Categorize proteins.
Structural - helping the cell hold shape; barrier (allow or force something across the cell wall)
Functional - enzymes
What does glycolysis require? What does it produce? Where does it take place?
Sugar
Acetyl-CoA
Inside the cell
What charge does sugars have? And how does this affect proteins?
They have a negative charge and can repel negatively charged proteins. Used in the kidneys to repel protein
What are the sugar/starch prefixes?
Glyco-
Carb-
Carboxy-
What are key characteristics of sugar?
It is sticky; can be used as ID tags that are different from bacteria/virus ID tags
How does sugar being sticky affect other cells?
It allows other cells to stick and hold together. Sometimes the body looks at this as a foreign cell and will activate an immune response.
What is a carboxyhemoglobin?
Sugar and hemoglobin. It is less functional
What does the mitochondria do?
Helps produce ATP
Describe a lipid
A fat that is non charged; likes oily substances; likes to hang in the middle of cell wall
Briefly describe Mitochondrial DNA
Differs from human DNA; All Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from mother; We receive 12-20 sets
What are 2 motility structures?
Flagella - moves the actual cell
Cilla - moves substances around the cell
What is genetic material?
DNA and RNA
What is a major component in the turning the cell on and off?
The cell wall; Calcium
What is hydrophilic?
“water loving”; positively charged molecules love water.
What happens when you put an electrolyte compound in water?
It falls apart; Ex) NaCl- will dissociate when dissolved in a solution
What is hydrophobic?
“water hating”; uncharged molecules - typically fats/oils
What is the relationship between the chemistry of the water and drugs?
Drugs will not act the same in an unhealthy person (Unbalanced electrolytes and and off pH) than a healthy person.
What is soluble in water?
Ions, some proteins, carbs (charged compounds), some gasses, buffers, and some drugs (water soluble drugs)
What is insoluble in water?
Cholesterol (fat), steroid hormones, lipids, drugs (gasses: nitrous gas; propofol)
How do water insoluble drugs look and what do water soluble drugs need to get to the cvs?
They look oily and they need a carrier protein to get into the cvs
How much is total body water?
TBW is 60% of body mass
How do you find the the amount of ICF?
2/3 of TBW
How do you find the amount of ECF?
1/3 of TBW
What is considered ECF?
ISF and plasma
How do you find the amount of plasma?
ECF x (1/4) - ECF (1/5)
How do you find the amount of ISF?
ECF minus plasma
What is ISF?
Interstitial fluid
What are the values for TBW, ICF, ECF, Plasma, and ISF in a 70kg person?
TBW = 42 LITERS
ICF = 28 L
ECF = 14 L
Plasma = 2.8 - 3.5 L (Going to use 3L)
ISF = 11 L
Describe the capillary membrane.
Separates the CVS from ISF. Very porous and permeable enough to allow small charged ions passage but tight enough to keep in plasma proteins
Is the cell membrane permeable or impermeable?
It is impermeable; it is a tight barrier that doesn’t let charged compounds in without regulation
What is the difference between “steady state” and equilibrium?
Steady state means to me a cell or environment’s respective “normal condition”, which correlated to homeostasis. Equilibrium means both sides being equal.
Do ICF and ECF have equilibrium?
No. If they did, our cells and body would be completely messed up and would be an unhealthy condition.
What does INTERcellular mean?
ECF; fluid between cells
Values in ECF and ICF: Na+
ECF: 140 - 142
ICF: 1/10 of ECF
Values in ECF and ICF: K+
ECF: 4
ICF: 30 x ECF
Helps with heart function
What is the relationship between K+ and Na+ in ECF and ICF?
Almost opposite d/t the sodium-potassium enzyme pump
Values in ECF and ICF: Ca++
10,000:1
Much higher concentration ECF than ICF
ICF virtually 0
Intracellular used as a signal to turn cell off & on so when its pulled into the cell its used up almost immediately
Values in ECF and ICF: Mg++
ICF: 20
Higher ICF than ECF
Used in heart function and chemical reactions inside cell
Values in ECF and ICF: Cl-
primary anion in ECF
Values in ECF and ICF: HCO3-
Bicarb
Much higher in ECF
Primary buffer in ECF
Adjusted by the kidneys
Values in ECF and ICF: HPO4; H2PO4-
Phosphate compounds
Higher in ICF
Intracellular buffer
Helps with turning things on and off inside the cell. Abundant in muscles
Energy storage system
Values in ECF and ICF: Amino acids
Higher in ICF d/t proteins being built inside the cell
Values in ECF and ICF: Creatine
Higher ICF
Found inside skeletal muscle cells
Acts as a short term energy reserve
What is phosphocreatine?
creatine attached to a phosphate.
When the skeletal muscle is contracting, will pull phosphate off the creatine first before ATP. Depletes very quickly upon exertion.
Values in ECF and ICF: Lactate
Higher in ICF
cell byproduct
What does adenosine do in the CVS?
Helps open blood vessels to increase perfusion when there is an increase in metabolic demand.
Values in ECF and ICF: Adenosine triphosphate
ATP
Adenosine + 3x Phosphates
Only in ICF
So valuable that it doesn’t leave the cell
Can ATP leave the cell?
No. Using energy pulls the phosphates off adenosine; when all 3 phosphates are removed from the adenosine then ADENOSINE can leave the cell.
Values in ECF and ICF: Glucose
Basically nonexistent in ICF because it is used almost immediately in glycolysis to produce ATP
Values in ECF and ICF: Protein
ECF: Higher in Plasma than ISF because needed in CVS
ICF: 4; higher in ICF because its made inside cell
Values in ECF and ICF: Total mOsm/L
About 300. All values added together
Values in ECF and ICF: Corrected osmo
280-283
What is corrected osmo?
The value after being corrected from the ions that are close together and acting as compounds.
What value is related to corrected osmo?
Sodium; when Na in ECF is double it will give you the value of corrected osmo
What is total osmotic pressure?
Pressure from all of the ICF and ECF at a body temperature of 37 degrees C; we don’t want all that pressure being exerted; relates to ICP
What’s a precursor molecule?
A molecule that a cell needs to function; sometimes they are stuck in the cell wall if they are a lipid soluble molecule.
What is a glycocalyx?
Glycolipid and glycoprotein together
Where might you find a cholesterol?
Stuck in the cell wall because it is a lipid
What happens to the cell in uncontrolled DM?
Extra sugars get stuck to the normal sugars on the cell; Cell looks different than normal; Body thinks its a foreign cell; inflammatory response occurs
What is a peripheral protein?
Protein attached to the outside of the cell
What is an integral protein?
Protein within the cell wall
What is the tail made of in the phospholipid bilayer? Is it charged or uncharged? Where is it located?
Carbons and hydrogens
Uncharged because it is a lipid (hydrophobic)
In the middle of the cell membrane
What is the head made of in the phospholipid bilayer? Is it charged or uncharged? Where is it located?
Polar group; phosphate; glycerol
Charged and hydrophilic
Located closest to cytoplasm and ECF (outer parts of cell wall)
Why is the polar head important?
Because it is a polar substance charged compounds that are needed inside the cell can attach and be stored on it.
What are the 3 main characteristics of a cholesterol?
Insoluble; Flat (planar) and Rigid at 37C
What part of the cholesterol sticks out of the cell wall?
HO-
Cell will grab this part to pull the entire cholesterol inside cell if the cell needs it.
What happens when you decrease the temperature in cholesterol?
Increase membrane fluidity which changes the texture and makes it more smooth. Ex) Ice cream
What is cholesterol primarily used for?
Primary feed compound to produce sex hormone
What does enzymatic action do to cholesterol?
Each enzymatic action manipulates the structures of cholesterol
