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Biology 108 > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

symbiotic relationships

A

occur when members of two species live in close, often obligatory, contact with each other - mutualism, competition, commensalism, amensalism, predation, parasitism

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2
Q

host

A

larger organism in symbiotic relationship

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3
Q

symbiont

A

smaller organism in symbiotic relationship

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4
Q

endosymbiotic

A

inside host organism

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5
Q

oldest fossil eukaryote

A

1.8 BYA

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6
Q

4 eukaryotic cell characteristics

A
  1. DNA in linear chromosomes in membrane-bound nucleus
  2. other membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and plastids (chloroplasts)
  3. often larger than prokaryotes
  4. cytoskeleton allows them to change shape
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7
Q

ancestral pre-eukaryotic cell

A

possibly a member of Archaea

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8
Q

origin of eukaryotic cell

A

ancestral host cell developed some structures (endoplasmic reticulum, nuclear envelope) gradually by infoldings of cell membrane, then the ancestral host cell took on an endosymbiotic aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote

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9
Q

proteobacterium

A

endosymbiotic aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote, used oxygen and organic matter to make energy, eventually became mitochondrion

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10
Q

origin of photosynthetic protists and plants

A

eukaryotes engulfed photosynthetic prokaryotes (cyanobacteria), became plastids

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11
Q

serial endosymbiosis

A

first mitochondria and then plastids were endosymbiotically acquired by the ancestors of photosynthetic eukaryotes

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12
Q

3 evidences for endosymbiosis in evolution of eukaryotes

A
  1. mitochondria and chloroplasts have own DNA, replicated independently
  2. this DNA is circular like prokaryotic DNA
  3. plastids have 2 or more cell membrane layers
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13
Q

primary endosymbiosis

A

free-living prokaryote being taken on by another cell - eg. red and green algae

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14
Q

secondary endosymbiosis

A

taking on a photosynthetic (plastid-containing) eukaryotic cell by a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell, engulfed red or green algae

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15
Q

horizontal gene transfer through endosymbiosis

A

make tree of life very complicated

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16
Q

first wave of diversification

A

metabolic diversification of prokaryotes

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17
Q

second wave of diversification

A

catalyzed by greater structural diversity of eukaryotic cell

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18
Q

third wave of diversification

A

origin of multicellular bodies

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19
Q

new ways of reproduction in eukaryotes

A

mitosis, meiosis, and syngamy

20
Q

mitosis

A

one diploid cell divides once to form two diploid (2n) cells

21
Q

meiosis

A

one diploid cell divides twice to form four haploid (1n) cells (reduction division)

22
Q

syngamy

A

occurs when two 1n gametes fuse, form 2n zygote (fertilized egg)

23
Q

embryo

A

multicellular, formed when zygote grows by mitotic cell division

24
Q

larval stage

A

morphologically different stage before reproductively mature adult

25
Q

sexual reproduction

A

two parents produce offspring with novel combinations of genes from both parents, requires meiosis and subsequent fusion of haploid nuclei from different parents

26
Q

protists

A

the common name for a non-monophyletic group of mostly unicellular eukaryotes that are not plants, fungi or animals

27
Q

protist characteristics

A

phototrophic/heterotrophic/mixotrophic, diverse reproductive modes, single-celled

28
Q

mixotrophic

A

both photoautotrophic and heterotrophic

29
Q

5 groups of protists (basal polytomy)

A
  1. diplomonads
  2. apicocomplexans
  3. ciliates
  4. amoebozoans
30
Q

diplomonads

A

“primitive” protists, appear to lack mitochondria, but mitosomes and mitochondrial genes are present, suggests that they ancestrally had regular mitochondria but lost them during evolution, found in anaerobic habitats, multiple flagella, two separate nuclei

31
Q

Giardia duodenalis

A

type of diplomonad, infects human intestines causing diarrhea, from contaminated drinking water, beaver fever, has mitosomes

32
Q

apicocomplexans

A

parasites of animals, complex of organelles for penetrating host tissues at apex of cell, organelles have 4 membranes and cyanobacterial DNA; evidence of
secondary endosymbiosis, often require 2 or more
host species to complete life cycle

33
Q

Plasmodium spp.

A

apicocomplexan parasites that cause malaria, need mosquitoes and vertebrates, resistant mosquitoes and plasmodium have caused malarial resurgence

34
Q

ciliates

A

large and morphologically diverse group named for the presence of many cilia used for locomotion and/or food capture, free-living species feed on bacteria
and smaller protists by phagocytosis, some very active move on fused leg-like cilia, reproduce asexually by
binary fission, sometimes engage in sexual reproduction (conjugation)

35
Q

ciliate example

A

Paramecium

36
Q

amoebozoans

A

flexible body shape that move by extending blunt

lobes called pseudopodia and feed by phagocytosis, may be related to unikonta

37
Q

3 groups of amoebozoans

A
  1. amoebae
  2. plasmodial slime molds
  3. cellular slime molds
38
Q

plasmodial slime molds

A

start out with a single nucleus but then undergo repeated mitosis without cell division, become a single giant supercell with free-flowing cytoplasm and nuclei that hunts bacteria on the forest floor

39
Q

amoebae

A

amorphous solitary protists, mainly predators of bacteria and smaller protists

40
Q

cellular slime molds

A

start out as separate
single-celled individuals, if food becomes scarce, cells get together but maintain separate cell membranes, communal ‘slug’ migrates to a high spot, some cells form stalk, other cells climb up stalk and develop hard coat to withstand drying, disperse in the wind and land
somewhere wet, helpful cells that formed the stalk die

41
Q

algae

A

general term for photoautotrophic eukaryotes that are not members of the Kingdom Plantae, not monophyletic, single-celled (diatoms), or multicellular (brown algae, alternation of generations)

42
Q

diatoms

A

major components of marine and freshwater plankton

43
Q

brown algae

A

kelp and other seaweeds

44
Q

green algae

A

have green pigments in chloroplasts, chlorophytes and charophytes (multicellular and morphologically complex, thought to be sister to Plantae)

45
Q

Chara

A

common charophyte lakeweed in Alberta

Biology 108 (26 decks)

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