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Biology 108 > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

2 prokaryote domains

A
  1. Archaea

2. Bacteria (distinguished by RNA structure)

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2
Q

7 characteristics of prokaryotes

A
  1. evolved before evolution of nucleus
  2. plasmids
  3. reproduction and gene transfer takes several forms, none using mitosis or meiosis
  4. cell wall (when present) includes peptidoglycans
  5. lack membrane-enclosed organelles
  6. smaller than eukaryotic cells
  7. half are motile (using flagella)
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3
Q

nucleus

A

genetic material as dense linear chromosomes enclosed by membrane, present in eukaryotes

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4
Q

nucleoid region

A

diffuse, circular ring of DNA not enclosed by membrane, present in prokaryotes

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5
Q

plasmids

A

small rings of DNA containing a few ‘extra’ genes

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6
Q

4 types of reproduction and gene transfer in prokaryotes

A
  1. binary fission
  2. transformation
  3. transduction
  4. conjugation
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7
Q

binary fission

A

most common, chromosome duplicates and cell splits

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8
Q

transformation

A

uptake of ‘naked’ DNA released from dead bacteria by a living prokaryote

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9
Q

transduction

A

virus mistake - transportof DNA between prokaryote cells by viruses

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10
Q

bacteriophage

A

virus that infects and replicates with bacteria

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11
Q

conjugation

A

one prokaryote latches on to another with a string-like structure (pilus) and transfers DNA (unidirectional)

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12
Q

why can antibiotic resistance spread so quickly?

A

modes of horizontal gene transfer

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13
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

between individuals of the same generation - transformation, transduction, conjugation

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14
Q

vertical gene transfer

A

transfer from parent to offspring between generations - binary fission

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15
Q

peptidoglycans

A

not cellulose or chitin, prevents cell from exploding in hypotonic solution

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16
Q

plasmolysis

A

contents of cell shrink in hypertonic solution, not prevented by cell wall

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17
Q

Gram + bacteria

A

have peptidoglycan wall in contact with external medium which traps purple stain

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18
Q

Gram - bacteria

A

have lipopolysaccharide layer outside of cell wall, and thus do not absorb stain readily (more pathogenic)

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19
Q

taxis

A

movement toward or away from stimulus, demonstrated in many prokaryotes

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20
Q

metabolic pathways

A

differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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21
Q

metabolism

A

chemical pathways used by living organisms to build up

or break down molecules

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22
Q

anabolism

A

build up molecules

23
Q

catabolism

A

break down molecules to release energy

24
Q

3 needs for metabolic activity

A
  1. water
  2. carbon
  3. energy
25
Q

photoautotrophs

A

use light energy and CO2 - plants, cyanobacteria

26
Q

chemoautotrophs

A

use energy obtained by oxidizing inorganic chemicals, and CO2 - many prokaryotes

27
Q

photoheterotrophs

A

use light energy, but get carbon from organic molecules

28
Q

chemoheterotrophs

A

use organic molecules for both energy and carbon source - animals, fungi, many prokaryotes, few plants

29
Q

3 Archaea characteristics

A
  1. lack peptidoglycan in cell wall
  2. do not respond to antibiotics that limit eubacterial growth
  3. extremophiles
30
Q

extremophiles

A

live in habitats that seem unpleasant from eukaryotic point of view

31
Q

3 Archaea functional groups

A
  1. methanogens
  2. halophiles
  3. thermophiles
32
Q

methanogens

A

live in oxygen-free habitats (swamp substrates, cow and termite guts), produce methane as a waste product

33
Q

halophiles

A

live in very salty habitats

34
Q

thermophiles

A

live in very hot habitats, many are chemoautotrophs

35
Q

5 major bacteria clades

A
  1. proteobacteria
  2. chlamydias
  3. spirochaetes
  4. gram +
  5. cyanobacteria
36
Q

proteobacteria

A

large and metabolically diverse group of Gram– bacteria, 5 sublineages - alpha to epsilon

37
Q

Rhizobium

A

live in root nodules of leguminous plants, fix atmospheric nitrogen, in return, host plant gives Rhizobium carbohydrates

38
Q

proteobacteria examples

A

endosymbiotic mutualists like Rhizobium, causative agents of cholera and gastric ulcers, Escherichia coli

39
Q

Escherichia coli

A

typically harmless commensal in human intestine, tested for in drinking water because its presence means fecal matter is entering waterway, some strains toxic

40
Q

chlamydias

A

can live only within the cells of animals, no peptidoglycan in cell walls

41
Q

chlamydia examples

A

human STI, cause blindness in newborns, blindness in koalas

42
Q

spirochaetes

A

long helical bacteria, swim by spiraling, many free-living and some nasty parasitic bacteria

43
Q

spirochaetes examples

A

causative agents of syphilis and Lyme disease

44
Q

gram + bacteria group

A

only group with Gram+, but also includes numerous Gram- taxa

45
Q

gram + examples

A

decomposers in soil, sources for many antibiotics, mycoplasmas (smallest known cells), anthrax, Clostridium botulinum

46
Q

anthrax

A

Bacillus anthracis, can enter resistant endospore state

47
Q

Clostridium botulinum

A

causes botulism, can devastate waterfowl when accumulated in fly larvae, Botox

48
Q

cyanobacteria

A

only prokaryotes that produce oxygen through photoautotrophy, like plants

49
Q

cyanobacteria examples

A

nitrogen fixers, benign, contain toxins that impair liver function, or neurotoxins

50
Q

number of named bacterial+archaean species

A

7800, many more unnamed

51
Q

ecological importance of prokaryotes

A

decomposers, produce oxygen, fix nitrogen, primary producers of some food webs, beneficial inhabitants of eukaryotes, cause disease

52
Q

economic importance of prokaryotes

A

sewage treatment, food production, Taq used in polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

53
Q

Thermus aquaticus aka Taq

A

enzymes retain activity at very high temperatures, used in PCR to amplify DNA for sequence analysis

Biology 108 (26 decks)

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