Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 108 > Lecture 15 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Flashcards

1
Q

5 characteristics of animals (not unique)

A
  1. multicellular (except gametes)
  2. lack cell walls
  3. chemoheterotrophic
  4. mostly sexual and do not show alternation of generations (motile haploid sperm
    fertilizes larger non-motile haploid egg to make
    diploid zygote)
  5. animate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

metazoans

A

name sometimes used for animals, to distinguish from single-celled protozoans (non-photosynthetic single-celled eukaryotes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

chemoheterotrophy in animals

A

cannot make own carbon-based food source, get it from other organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

animate

A

capable of moving entire multicellular body in at least one stage in life cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

3 characteristics of animals (unique)

A
  1. extracellular collagen
  2. 3 unique types of intercellular junctions
  3. Hox genes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

extracellular collagen

A

glycoprotein (protein + bonded carbohydrate) strands in a matrix surrounding cells, ≥ 90% of protein in animal body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

3 types of intercellular junctions (connecting structures between cells)

A
  1. tight junctions
  2. desmosomes
  3. gap junctions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

homeobox genes

A

a set of regulatory genes that produce proteins that can turn other genes on and off

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hox genes

A

homeobox genes that control anterior to posterior developmental sequence of embryo, absent in sponges and ctenophores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

embryonic development in animals

A
  1. haploid gametes of different sizes (anisogamy)
  2. diploid zygote undergoes cleavage
  3. blastula forms
  4. gastrulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

anisogamy

A

small motile sperm, large nonmotile eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cleavage

A

many mitotic cell divisions without growth of cells between divisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

blastula

A

hollow ball of cells formed after cleavage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

gastrulation

A

blastula invaginates (folds into itself) at one end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

gastrula

A

two clear layers of cells - endoderm and ectoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

2 types of development in animals

A
  1. direct development

2. indirect development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

direct development

A

embryo gradually develops towards adult form without sudden changes in morphology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

indirect development

A

intermediate stages (larvae) whose morphology and behaviour differs greatly from sexually mature adult stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

traditional view 3 dichotomies

A
  1. presence of true tissues
  2. symmetry
  3. embryonic development
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

tissue

A

integrated group of cells with common structure and function, isolated from other tissues by membranous layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

animals without true tissues

A

sponges and placozoans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

animals with true tissues

A

eumetazoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

radial symmetry

A

top and bottom, but no left or right, can be divided into many planes of symmetry “radiata”

24
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

have a top, bottom, left and right, only one plane of symmetry (Bilateria)

25
diploblastic
endoderm and ectoderm - Radiata
26
triploblastic
endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm - Bilateria
27
endoderm
becomes gut
28
ectoderm
becomes skin and nerves
29
mesoderm
becomes muscles
30
acoelomate
solidly packed bilaterian with no body cavity
31
eucoelomate
bilaterians with body cavity that is completely lined with mesodermally derived tissues
32
pseudocoelomate
bilaterians with coelom that lack complete mesodermal lining
33
3 functions of coelom
1. cushions internal organs from blows to body 2. allows internal organs to shift without deforming outside of body 3. fluid-filled cavity can be used as hydrostatic skeleton
34
2 types of embryonic development
1. protostome | 2. deuterostome
35
4 characteristics of protostomia
1. first invagination of the gastrula (blastopore) becomes the mouth 2. spiral cleavage 3. determinate cleavage 4. schizocoely
36
4 characteristics of deuterostomia
1. second invagination becomes the mouth 2. radial cleavage 3. indeterminate cleavage 4. enterocoely
37
spiral cleavage
new row of cells is twisted slightly off centre (protostomes)
38
radial cleavage
each cell division stacks the new cells directly above the previous ones (deuterostomes)
39
determinate cleavage
in early embryos, each new cell destined to form some part of the later embryo (removal of some cells results in embryo missing organs)
40
indeterminate cleavage
early embryonic cells not differentiated (could split young embryo and get two complete later embryos)
41
schizocoely
solid blocks of mesoderm split internally to create fluid-filled hollows
42
enterocoely
mesoderm is at one end of embryonic gut, outpocketings of mesoderm pinch off to make fluid-filled hollows
43
new view - protostome dichotomy
1. lophotrochozoa | 2. ectdysozoa
44
arthropoda placement
old view - with Annelida (segmented worms) | new view - with Nematoda (unsegmented worms)
45
Ectysozoa
all moult their entire cuticle at once in order to grow, some
46
lophophore
tentacle-covered feeding structure, characteristics of proto- and deuterostomes
47
trochophore
larval stage similar to ectysozoans
48
Lophotrochozoa
lophophores and trochophores placed together by molecular data
49
choanoflagellates
(140, marine) common ancestor of animalia, heterotrophic protists with single flagellum surrounded by collar of microvilli, solitary or colonial, cell morphology similar to sponge
50
microvilli
fingerlike projections of cell membrane
51
oldest known fossil of multicellular eukaryotes
1.2 BYA, trace fossils of worm burrow 1.1 BYA, fossil embryos 570 MYA, whole body 565 MYA (Precambrian)
52
Cambrian explosion
535-525 MYA, most major animal phyla appeared ‘suddenly’ in a short period, including complex life with skeletons, origin of Hox genes possibly allowed diversification of body plans
53
Ediacaran biota
Precambrian animal fossils, 635-542 MYA "pillow animals" South Australia
54
Mistaken point biota
Precambrian animal fossils, 565 MYA Ediacaran biota, Newfoundland
55
Drook formation biota
Precambrian animal fossils, 575 MYA Ediacaran biota, Newfoundland
56
small shelly fauna
fossils at beginning of Cambrian (542 MYA)
57
Burgess shale
(510-505 MYA) first discovered Cambrian explosion site, U.S. paleontologist C.D. Walcott visiting B.C. fossil bed, fossils of soft- and hard-bodied taxa, good preservation likely due to quick death and burial by a mudslide, intermediate between ‘weird wonders’ and modern taxa

Biology 108 (26 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions