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Biology 108 > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

parazoa

A

considered to be basal to all other animals, lack true tissues, not monophyletic, almost all belong to Phylum Porifera, rest are Phylum Placozoa

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2
Q

Phylum Placozoa

A

until recently, only one named species, Trichoplax adhaerens

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3
Q

Trichoplax adhaerens

A

shallow marine water, pancake two cell layers thick and a few mm wide, top and bottom but asymmetrical in outline, can change shape, moves via cilia, externally digests food

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4
Q

cell-cell recognition

A

if cells from different sponges mixed together, they sort themselves properly

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5
Q

Phylum Porifera (8800)

A

sponges, model organisms in searches for earliest hints of features present in more highly derived taxa, most marine some freshwater, except for larval stage, are sessile

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6
Q

sessile

A

attached to one spot, do not move

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7
Q

5 characteristics of sponge morphology

A
  1. no obvious tissues or organs
  2. spicules or spongin
  3. amoebocytes and choanocytes
  4. numerous openings lead to central spongocoel
  5. mesohyl
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8
Q

spicules

A

structural support in sponges, tiny hard needles or rods, calcareous or silicious

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9
Q

2 types of support in sponges

A
  1. spicules

2. spongin

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10
Q

spongin

A

structural support in other sponges, tough collagen protein network for support

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11
Q

2 types of cells in sponges

A
  1. amoebocytes

2. choanocytes

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12
Q

amoebocytes

A

look like amoebae, form outer surface of sponge, secrete spicules, roam through the insides carrying food to other cells

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13
Q

choanocytes

A

look like single choanoflagellate protists (central flagellum surrounded by microvillar collar), line inside of sponge

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14
Q

osculum

A

large opening in sponge, each has one or more

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15
Q

mesohyl

A

gelatinous acellular layer between the outer ‘skin’ and the choanocyte layer, not a tissue, contains collagen

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16
Q

sponge feeding

A
  1. majority are suspension feeders
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17
Q

suspension feeding

A

a subset of filter-feeding where water and suspended materials taken from water column

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18
Q

suspension feeding in sponges

A
  1. beating of choanocyte flagella draws water in through ostia
  2. through microvillar collar, where food particles are
    removed
  3. out through osculum
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19
Q

sponge feeding

A
  1. food particles phagocytosed by base of choanocyte cell
  2. amoebocytes nudge up and take up food passed on by choanocyte
  3. amoebocytes then carry food to other cells, or use energy to make spicules
    or other structural materials
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20
Q

sponge reproduction

A
  1. separate sexes, simulataneous hermaphrodites, or sequential hermaphrodites
  2. eggs from modified amoebocytes (retained in mesohyl), sperm from modified choanocytes (sent out through oscula)
  3. sperm sucked in through ostia of neighbouring sponge of same species
  4. zygote retained until it develops into a ciliated larva
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21
Q

simultaneous hermaphrodite

A

male and female at the same time

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22
Q

sequential hermaphrodite

A

first one sex, then change to be the other

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23
Q

sponge larva

A
  1. swims out and finds a good place to settle
  2. lands on substrate, either turns inside out or external
    ciliated cells migrate inside
  3. ciliated cells drop or reabsorb cilia, then
    grow flagella to become choanocytes
24
Q

sponge ecology

A
  1. filter feeding cleans water
  2. organisms live inside sponges
  3. mutualisms with single-celled algae within photic zone
  4. few predatory
  5. few predators due to toxic chemicals
25
Q

photic zone

A

zone in which light can penetrate

26
Q

sponge economic uses

A
  1. bioprospecting for pharmaceuticals (endangered)

2. spongin networks for bath and art sponges

27
Q

glass sponges

A

delicate, long-lived, restricted to deep water, can form reefs, populations in BC threatened by shipping, in the Strait of Georgia protected through closure of bottom-fishing

28
Q

2 phyla in “Radiata” (part of Eumetazoa)

A
  1. Cnidaria

2. Ctenophora

29
Q

3 characteristics of “Radiata”

A
  1. true differentiated tissues (diploblastic)
  2. organs
  3. frequently radially symmetrical
30
Q

organs

A

collections of tissues specialized for different tasks

31
Q

Cnidaria (13 000)

A

almost all marine few freshwater, includes jellyfish, hydras, sea anemones, and corals

32
Q

3 parts of cnidarian body

A
  1. gastrodermis
  2. epidermis
  3. mesogloea
33
Q

gastrodermis

A

endoderm, lines body cavity (gastrovascular cavity)

34
Q

epidermis

A

ectoderm

35
Q

mesogloea

A

‘middle jelly’, acellular matrix in between gastrodermis and epidermis

36
Q

cnidaria morphology

A
  1. mouth but no anus
  2. two body forms
  3. numerous tentacles for prey capture
  4. cnidocytes
37
Q

2 cnidarian body forms

A
  1. polyp

2. medusa

38
Q

polyp

A

oral end upwards, and aboral end attached to a substrate

39
Q

medusa

A

oral end downwards and aboral up, moves freely through water

40
Q

cnidocytes

A

cnidarian synapomorphy, contains very complex endocellular structure (cnida), used for defense and prey capture, when trigger spine touched, cnida shoots out (sticky, stabbing, or poison-tipped)

41
Q

nematocyst

A

most common cnida

42
Q

4 main classes of cnidaria

A
  1. Class Hydrozoa (most species)
  2. Class Scyphozoa
  3. Class Cubozoa
  4. Class Anthozoa
43
Q

Class Hydrozoa

A

hydras, both polyp and medusa in life cycle

44
Q

freshwater hydras

A

hydrozoans, lack medusa stage, “alternation of generations” alternation of sexual with asexual

45
Q

Hydrozoan polyp

A

sessile, often colonial, reproduces asexually by budding

46
Q

Hydrozoan medusa

A

budded off asexually, reproduces sexually, larva settles and transforms to polyp

47
Q

Class Scyphozoa

A

jellyfish, almost all of lifecycle medusa, thich mesogloea, swim by contracting network of fibres around circumference of bell

48
Q

Class Cubozoa

A

box jellies, medusa dominant, complex light- and movement detecting eyes along perimeter of bell, extremely toxic nematocysts

49
Q

Class Anthozoa

A

corals and anemones, entirely polyps, live single (anemones) or colonial (coral), corals that produce calcium-carbonate skeletons most important reef-building organisms

50
Q

Cnidaria ecology

A
  1. all predatory (zooplankton, larval fish)
  2. symbiosis with zooxanthellae
  3. nematocyst toxins dangerous to humans
  4. reefs
51
Q

zooxanthellae

A

symbiotic algae that produce carbohydrates used by the

cnidarians, need for light is why many corals limited to photic zone

52
Q

coral reefs

A

constructed by corals, provide room and board for tropical marine species, important for human
economy (tourism, fishing, aquarium trade), runoff from farming and global warming threats to coral reefs

53
Q

coral bleaching

A

due to loss of zooxanthellae, first sign of ecological meltdown

54
Q

Phylum Ctenophora (100)

A

comb jellies, sea gooseberries, all marine, move by beating thousands of cilia arranged in comblike bands, like Porifera appear to lack Hox genes

55
Q

Ctenophora morphology

A
  1. largest organisms to move entirely by ciliary
    action
  2. two tissue layers and a layer of mesogloea
  3. mouth but no anus
56
Q

Ctenophora feeding

A
  1. two long tentacles covered with colloblasts used for prey capture
  2. prey bump into tentacles, colloblasts explode
  3. tentacle with adhering prey wiped across mouth
57
Q

colloblasts

A

cells filled with sticky substance

Biology 108 (26 decks)

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