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Biology 108 > Lecture 17 > Flashcards

Lecture 17 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bilateria 4 characteristics

A
  1. bilateral symmetry
  2. varying degrees of cephalization
  3. triploblastic embryos
  4. protostome or deuterostome development
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2
Q

cephalization

A

differentiation of head region, including anterior

concentration of neural ganglia (brain), frequently reduced in sedentary animals

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3
Q

triploblastic

A

endo, ecto, and mesoderm

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4
Q

Phylum Acoela (400)

A

marine worms, like flatworms are acoelomate, flat, minimal cephalization, ventral mouth, no anus, but no brain nor gut cavity, endocellular digestion instead, some molecular data place at base of bilateria

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5
Q

worm

A

general term for an animal with a body that lacks shells or elaborate appendages and is usually longer than wide

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6
Q

Lophotrochozoa

A

protostomes, lophophore or trochophore larva

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7
Q

5 main Lophotrochozoa phyla

A
  1. Platylhelminthes
  2. Brachiopoda (300)
  3. Ectoprocta (5000)
  4. Annelida (16 500)
  5. Mollusca (93 000)
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8
Q

Phylum Platylhelminthes

A

flatworms, acoelomate, some have trochophore-like larvae, no circulatory or gas-exchange system, flatness allows most cells to be in contact with water/air, do not have complete digestive system

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9
Q

Platylhelminthes 2 Classes

A
  1. Turbellaria

2. Cestoidea

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10
Q

Class Turbellaria

A

free-living flatworms, most marine some freshwater few moist soil, predatory on other small metazoans, some eat bacteria and protists or decaying organic matter, or have symbiotic green algae

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11
Q

Turbellaria morphology

A
  1. epidermis covered by cilia
  2. pair of ventral nerve cords
  3. pair of ganglia near front of body
  4. no anal opening
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12
Q

Turbellaria reproduction

A

most are hermaphroditic, transfer sperm by piercing the
body of a partner with sharp copulatory organ, often both desire to transfer sperm, leads to “penis-fencing”, one species able to copulate with its own head

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13
Q

Class Cestoidea

A

tapeworms, endoparasitic in digestive systems of other animals

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14
Q

Cestoidea morphology

A
  1. lack digestive system (absorb nutrients through thin body wall)
  2. scolex (front end of body) modified for holding on to host’s gut with suckers/hooks
  3. after scolex has proglottids
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15
Q

proglottids

A

long chains of units devoted to reproduction in cestoids, new at base of scolex, old toward posterior of body

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16
Q

Cestoidea reproduction

A
  1. mature proglottids filled with eggs are
    defecated by host
  2. eggs eaten by intermediate host, develop into larvae that encyst in tissues of intermediate host
  3. final host eats intermediate host, larvae develop into adult tapeworm in gut of final host
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17
Q

final/definitive host

A

the host in which the parasite engages in sexual reproduction

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18
Q

Echinococcus spp.

A

dog tapeworms, have herbivorous mammals as
intermediate hosts, but occasionally eggs get into
humans

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19
Q

Echinococcus in humans

A
  1. eggs hatch in small intestine
  2. larvae migrate through circulatory system to liver (sometimes end up in other soft tissues)
  3. larvae undergo asexual reproduction, split into thousands of new larvae, all located in a large hydatid cyst
  4. can go undetected for up to 20 years, but when cyst becomes big it causes problems
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20
Q

Phylum Brachiopoda

A

lamp-shells, all marine deep-water, much more diverse in the past

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21
Q

Brachiopoda morphology

A
  1. lophophore-bearing
  2. complete gut with anal opening
  3. look like bivalve molluscs
  4. some attached to substrate by rubbery stalk
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22
Q

Brachiopoda feeding

A

suspension feed using paired lophophores

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23
Q

Phylum Ectoprocta (aka Bryozoa)

A

most marine few freshwater, gut is U-shaped with anal opening outside of the lophophore, colonial

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24
Q

Ectoprocta colonies

A

stalked colonies or moss-like mats, look like coral, but have units specialized for different tasks and some are able to move

25
Q

Phylum Annelida

A

segmented worms

26
Q

Annelida 3 classes

A
  1. Polychaeta
  2. Oligochaeta (within polychaeta)
  3. Hirudinea (within polychaeta)
27
Q

4 Annelid characteristics

A
  1. segmented
  2. eucoelomate
  3. closed circulatory system
  4. complete digestive system with anus
28
Q

segmented

A

many repeated units with similar internal and external anatomy, separated by internal septa

29
Q

“Polychaeta”

A

marine

30
Q

polychaeta morphology

A
  1. parapodia

2. clearly differentiated head with sensory antennae, often eyes

31
Q

parapodia

A

fleshy lobes that bear many chaetae

32
Q

errant polychaetes

A

active, parapodia and head better developed than sedentary species

33
Q

sedentary

A

rarely move, but can if necessary

34
Q

errant polychaete feeding

A

predatory

35
Q

sedentary polychaete feeding

A

ingest substrate, suspension feed, or deposit feed

36
Q

deposit feeding

A

trailing sticky tentacles over substrate and licking off adhering matter

37
Q

polychaete reproduction

A
  1. free spawning
  2. some species have modified body parts swim to surface to release gametes
  3. trochophore larvae are planktonic
  4. subsequent larvae lead benthic lives
38
Q

free spawning

A

eggs and sperm released into water, fertilization occurs outside body of female parent

39
Q

“Oligochaeta”

A

earthworms, lack parapodia and well-developed head, non-leech spp. still have a few chaetae, feed by ingesting substrate and digesting organic matter

40
Q

oligochaete reproduction

A
  1. simultaneous hermaphrodites, transfer sperm by copulation (do not free spawn)
  2. deposit sperm in partner’s seminal receptacle, receives in own
  3. produces gelatinous cocoon with secretions from clitellum
  4. deposits eggs in cocoon, slides cocoon forwards, deposits sperm (external fertilization)
  5. direct development (no larval stage)
41
Q

composting

A

terrestrial oligochaetes create smaller fragments of organic matter, and aerate soil through turning over and burrowing

42
Q

de-worming of Canada

A

caused by glaciation, now crawling back

43
Q

“Hirudinea”

A

leeches, mostly freshwater, some marine and terrestrial, nested within oligochaetes

44
Q

hirudinea morphology

A
  1. lack parapodia, have clitellum

2. lack chaetae

45
Q

hirudinea feeding

A
  1. predators of soft-bodied invertebrates or feed on blood of vertebrates
  2. blood feeders secrete anaesthetic and anticoagulent, resurging interest in medicinal leeches
46
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A

snails, clams, squids, and more, mostly marine some freshwater or terrestrial

47
Q

3 main classes Mollusca

A
  1. gastropoda (75%)
  2. bivalvia
  3. cephalopoda (650)
48
Q

mollusca morphology

A
  1. calcareous shell enclosing soft body (lost or reduced in many)
  2. mantle - thin layer secretes calcareous shell
  3. muscular ventral foot used for movement, organs contained in visceral mass above
  4. radula (straplike rasping organ) for mouthparts
  5. gills for gas exchange and sometimes feeding
  6. open circulatory system
  7. not clearly segmented
  8. many with trochophore
49
Q

class gastropoda

A

snails, most marine many terrestrial and freshwater, trochophore larvae

50
Q

gastropoda morphology

A
  1. glide using muscular contractions of large foot
  2. single coiled tubular shell (except slugs)
  3. shelled undergo torsion
  4. terrestrial snails and slugs use lung instead of gills
51
Q

torsion

A

visceral mass twists during development so that anal opening over head

52
Q

gastropoda feeding

A

grazers scrape algae off substrates using radula, few predatory

53
Q

nudibranchs

A

shell-less marine gastropods ‘sea slugs’, many brilliantly coloured, protected by nematocysts of cnidarians (eat cnidarians, but prevent nematocysts from firing and store nematocysts in own tissues)

54
Q

class bivalvia

A

clams, oysters, scallops, most marine many freshwater, 2 hinged shells, no radula, feed by filtering water through gills, most sedentary some essentially sessile

55
Q

bivalvia economic importance

A

many eaten, response in irritant to mantle exploited to make pearls, some are invasive pests

56
Q

class cephalopoda

A

squids, cuttlefish, octopuses

57
Q

cephalopoda morphology

A
  1. many long tentacles arranged around mouth
  2. tentacles have suckers or hooks
  3. radula modified as biting beak (predatory)
  4. most have no evidence of external shell, cuttlebone of cuttlefish is an internal shell remnant
  5. tube of mantle fused to make siphon
  6. only molluscs to have closed circulatory system
  7. excellent vision, complex behaviour, and intelligent
58
Q

siphon

A

used for jet-propulsion, particularly by squids

59
Q

cephalopoda reproduction

A
  1. many octopuses show maternal care (protect eggs until young hatch)
  2. direct development

Biology 108 (26 decks)

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