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Biology 108 > Lecture 13 > Flashcards

Lecture 13 Flashcards

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1
Q

Kingdom Fungi

A

within Opisthokonta clade along with Animalia, colonized land around 475 MYA possibly as symbionts of plants

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2
Q

5 main groups of fungi

A
  1. Chytridiomycota
  2. Zygomycota
  3. Glomeromycota
  4. Ascomycota
  5. Basidiomycota
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3
Q

6 fungi characteristics

A
  1. chemoheterotrophs
  2. external digestion
  3. cell walls made of chitin
  4. bodies composed of hyphae
  5. large surface area:volume ratio (due to filamentous structure)
  6. produce haploid spores asexually or sexually
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4
Q

external digestion

A

secrete powerful enzymes outside body, break down large complex organic molecules (cellulose/lignin in plants and chitin/keratin in animals) into small, simple ones absorbed by body

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5
Q

chitin

A

nitrogenous polysaccharide that evolved independently in some invertebrates, makes up cell wall in fungi

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6
Q

hyphae

A

delicate chitin tubes surrounding cytoplasm that compose bodies of fungi

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7
Q

mycelium

A

interwoven hyphal mat, acts as feeding network, can be very large

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8
Q

2 types of hyphae

A
  1. septate

2. coenocytic

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9
Q

septate hyphae

A

have cross-walls (septa) dividing cells into separate
chambers, but holes in walls allow
cytoplasm and sometimes nuclei to travel through

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10
Q

coenocytic hyphae

A

lack cross walls, continuous cytoplasm with hundreds

or thousands of nuclei

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11
Q

hyphae growth

A

more area for enzyme secretion and food absorption, can grow quickly because proteins are sent to growing tips, only grow in length

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12
Q

fungal spores

A

asexually or sexually, always haploid, produce hyphae

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13
Q

non-chytrid fungal life cycle - haploid stages

A

hyphae and spores

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14
Q

non-chytrid fungal life cycle - diploid stage

A

transient single-celled zygote formed during sexual reproduction, undergoes meiosis to make haploid spores (do not show alternation of generations)

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15
Q

gametes/separate sexes

A

not present in fungi, zygote created by any haploid nuclei

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16
Q

sex in fungi

A
  1. plasmogamy –> heterokaryon

2. karyogamy

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17
Q

plasmogamy

A

fusion of cytoplasm of genetically different individuals, nuclei are separate

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18
Q

heterokaryon

A

a mycelium with 2 or more different genotypes of separate nuclei, may remain in this state for a long period of time so flaws from one genome can be compensated for by the other

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19
Q

dikaryotic state

A

two genetically distinct nuclei ‘move in together’ to share one hyphal compartment (only in septate hyphae)

20
Q

karyogamy

A

nuclei fuse, produce 2n zygote

21
Q

“phylum” chytridiomycota

A

not monophyletic, flagellated stages, gametes, some undergo alternation of generations, have cell walls made of chitin and absorptive mode of nutrition, implicated in global decline of amphibians

22
Q

“phylum” zygomycota

A

not monophyletic, most look like bread mold, have coenocytic hyphae (except for sexual reproduction structures), engage in sex with different mating type (different chemical markers) when conditions are bad

23
Q

Rhizopus stolonifer

A

black bread mold, zygomycete

24
Q

sexual reproduction in zygomycota

A
  1. hyphae grow toward each other, will swell and touch if they like each other’s taste
  2. gametangia develops
  3. gametangia touch (plasmogamy)
  4. zygosporangium develops
  5. karyogamy produces several 2n zygotes in zygosporangium
  6. meiosis and mitosis to produce stalked 1n sporangium
  7. sporangium produces spores through mitosis
25
Q

gametangium

A

small septate region that develops at the tip of each hyphae during sexual reproduction

26
Q

zygosporangium

A

thick walled, can contain several nuclei from each mating type, resistant to drying

27
Q

phylum glomeromycota

A

symbiotic relationships with roots of plants, part of mycelium inside and outside roots

28
Q

arbuscular endomycorrhiza

A

root plus branching hyphae

29
Q

ectomycorrhizae

A

mycelia do not penetrate roots of cells, non-glomeromycotan

30
Q

phylum ascomycota

A

sexually produce spores in sac-like asci, septate hyphae with pores for nuclei to pass through, and reproduce asexually by fragmenting tips (conidia)

31
Q

ascocarps

A

clustered asci

32
Q

conidiophore

A

structures bearing conidia, used in asexual reproduction

33
Q

ascomycota sexual reproduction

A
  1. hyphae from compatible strains produce swelling with antheridium and ascogonium
  2. ascogonium produces mass of dikaryotic hyphae, tips become asci
  3. karyogamy within ascus –> 2n zygote
  4. meiosis –> 4 1n nuclei
  5. mitosis –> 8 nuclei become ascospores
34
Q

antheridium

A

donates nuclei

35
Q

ascogonium

A

receives nuclei and creates ascus

36
Q

phylum basidiomycota

A

sexual structures are mushrooms and toadstools, decompose lignin and other plant matter, plant parasites, septate hyphae not permeable to nuclei, asexual rare/absent

37
Q

basidiomycota sexual reproduction

A

long-lived dikaryotic mycelium, produce basidiocarps

38
Q

basidiocarps

A

sexual fruiting bodies produced when environmental conditions are good, cap contains thin vertical sheets of tissue called gills, gills lined with millions of basidia

39
Q

basidia

A

diploid when young, when mature base topped with 4 basidiospores containing 1 haploid nuclei from meiosis

40
Q

4 fungal lifestyles (evolved independently, not monophyletic)

A
  1. molds
  2. yeasts
  3. mycorrhizae
  4. lichens
41
Q

molds

A

only reproduce asexually (fungi imperfecti)

42
Q

fungi imperfecti

A

fungi in which only a mold-type growth form is known

43
Q

yeasts

A

unicellular, reproduce asexually by budding

44
Q

mycorrhizae

A

mutualistic symbioses of plant roots and fungi, fungus helps plant absorb minerals from soil, plant gives fungus carbohydrates

45
Q

lichens

A

symbiotic mixture of fungal hyphae and a photosynthetic partner, asexual reproduction occurs through soredia, fungi can have lichenized and non-lichenized versions

46
Q

soredia

A

hyphae clasping algal/cyanobacterial cell

Biology 108 (26 decks)

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