lecture 8

Question 1

Darwins voyage
He was ____
as a _____
and _______

While on the trip he was stunned by ______
And was keenly interested in _________

Answer 1

unpaid
ship naturalist
gentleman companion
diversity of species in tropics
the link between adaption and an animals life strategy

ex. - why is there more than one rhea (common ancestor)

Question 2

biological adaptation

Answer 2

is an anatomical structure, physiological process or behavioural trait that increase the expected long-term reproductive success of the organism

Question 3

Charles Lyell wrote _______

where he argued _______

Answer 3

“Principals of Geology”

the earth was millions of years old

Question 4

Lyell’s ideas

Answer 4

1. The law of physics and chemistry remain the same
2. Natural processes which acted in the past will continue to act today
   - these ideas feed uniformitarianism

Question 5

Uniformitarianism

Answer 5

the present is the key to the past

Question 6

Darwins First three observations

Leading to 1 inference

Answer 6

Observation 1): For any species population size would continue to increase if all individuals that are born reproduce successfully

Observation 2): Nonetheless, populations tend to remain stable in except for seasonal fluctuations

Observation 3: Resources are limited

Inference 1): Production of more individuals than the environment can support leads to a struggle for existence among individuals of a population, with only a fraction of their offspring surviving, thus many individuals die without reproducing

Question 7

Darwins fourth and fifth observation

Leading to inference 2

Answer 7

observation 4) Members of a population vary extensively in their characteristics; no two individuals are exactly alike

observation 5): Much of this variation is heritable, Offspring tend to resemble parents, including characteristics that influence success in the struggle to survive and reproduce

inference 2): Survival depends in part on inherited traits. Individuals whose inherited traits give them high a probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment have high fitness, and are likely to leave more offspring than less adapted individuals

Question 8

Darwins Inference 3)

Answer 8

this unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to gradual change in a population, with favourable characteristics accumulating over generations

Question 9

crux of natural selection

Answer 9

differential production, those more suited to their environment are naturally selected to succeed

Question 10

Wallace was a _____
And had an ______
Which resulted in

Answer 10

globe-trotting naturalist

understanding of what his theory meant in their society, pushing darwin to publish

Question 11

Darwin presented his paper to ______
Which went so well he ______
resulting in ______
Even though his idea was _______

Answer 11

the Linnean society
published a book
much outrage and problems for darwin
accepted by scientific community

Question 12

Evidence for evolution (7)

Answer 12

• fossils
• artificial selection
• comparative anatomy (vestigial structures, homologous and analogous traits)
• comparative embryology
• biography
• convergent evolution
• molecular biology

Question 13

fossils show a _____

and ______

Answer 13

• succession from simple morphological forms, early in the fossil record to more complex terms through time
• multiple examples of transitional forms

Question 14

fossil

Answer 14

any trace of an organism that lived in the past

Question 15

Artificial selection is defined as the ________
Because humans ______
And it is _______ than natural selection because of _____

Answer 15

human manipulation of plants and animals over 100 or 1000 years
manipulate genes
- faster
- tightly controlled selective breeding

Question 16

homologous

a homologous trait does not ______

Answer 16

when two species share a trait that is derived from a common ancestor
neccessarily serve the same function or even appear similar

Question 17

analogous

Answer 17

if natural selection has derived structures in different species that serve the same function, but do not come from a common ancestor

Question 18

vestigial features

Answer 18

characteristics that appear functionless in a decedent that was thought to form a function in an ancestor

Question 19

When darwin arrived home form his trip he ______

His conclusion was

Answer 19

began to work through his specimens and asking himself question(ex. - why is there more than one rhea (common ancestor)

ultimately that they shared a common ancestor and diverged due to adaptive need

Question 20

Thomas malthus wrote _____
Where he noted ______
Which suggested to darwin _____

Answer 20

• An essay on the principle of population
• Populations cannot grow forever, eventually some resource will limit their growth
• organisms might also be competing and if some organisms had adaptations which helped them survive , then they were more likely to survive and produce offspring

Question 21

transitional forms are an

Answer 21

example of descent with modification

Question 22

morphologically similar species suggest

Answer 22

a relationship via a common ancestor

Question 23

only _______ structure can infer evolutionary relationships

Answer 23

homologous