lec 15

Question 1

The three types of species interaction

They are all acted on by

Answer 1

predation, competition, symbiosis

natural selection

Question 2

succesful predation results in a ___________ for one individual and a __________ for another individual

Answer 2

positive outcome

negative outcome

Question 3

forms of predation

All are non-lethal but cause harm except for _____ which is usually lethal

Answer 3

• Carnivory, herbivory, parasitism

- Carnivory

Question 4

Predators are _____ _____ _____ on their prey

Answer 4

strong selective forces

Question 5

as predators adapt to prey, natural selection shapes _________

Answer 5

the preys defences

Question 6

coevolution

Answer 6

When one species acts a selective force on another species, and the counter adaptation of the second species in turn affects the first species

reciprical adaptation, like an arms race

Question 7

various predation strategies

Answer 7

stalking predation
pursuit predation
ambush predation

Question 8

Physical defenses of plants

Answer 8

spines, thorns, leathery leaves, thick wax

Question 9

Chemical defenses of plants

Answer 9

send chemical signals to other leaves, poisons

Question 10

Physical defenses of prey animals

Answer 10

quills or spines, horns, pincers, stingers, tough hides, large size, odour repellents, various defensive behaviors
cryptic coloration
mimicry
store toxins
- displays of intimidation
- agility to outmaneuver
- predator satiation

Question 11

cryptic coloration

Answer 11

colors or marking that help some organisms avoid detection from predators by blending into their surroundings

Question 12

chemical defenses of animals

Answer 12

store toxins, brightly colored so predators identify them

Question 13

aposmatic coloration

Answer 13

toxic animals are brightly colored so predators can identify them

Question 14

mimicry

Answer 14

attempting to mimic another

Question 15

Types of mimicry(2)

Answer 15

Batesian

Mullerian

Question 16

Batesian mimicry

Answer 16

The resemblance of a palatable or harmless species to an unpallatable or venomous species

Question 17

Mullerian mimicry

Answer 17

two unpallatable species that inhabit the same community mimic each other
- This helps predators learn faster

Question 18

Predator satiation

Answer 18

synchronous production of progeny to overwhelm predators, resulting in some surviving

Question 19

Reasons why predators rarely drive prey to extinction

Answer 19

• Predators can switch to other prey when an overexploited prey species becomes scarce
• predators themselves are preyed upon, limiting their impact
• prey have defensive mechanisms to prevent overexploitation

Question 20

Keystone predator/species

Answer 20

Is a species with a dominant role in shaping the community structure

Question 21

Their ______ ___ ___ __________ far outweighs their _______ __ _______

Answer 21

• impact on the community

- numbers or biomass