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Human Physiology > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

autonomic nervous system is stimulated by centers located in the _____,_____,______, and ________

A

spinal cord
brainstem
hypothalamus
portions of the cerebral cortex

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2
Q

the autonomic nervous system often operates by means of ______, which involves ________

A

visceral reflexes

subconscious sensory signals from visceral organs

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3
Q

in the autonomic nervous system, these visceral reflex loops can return an ______reflex motor response back to the visceral organ to control _____

A

involuntary

its activity

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4
Q

two major subdivisions of autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic NS
parasympathetic NS

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5
Q

most organs receive intervention from _____NS

A

both sympathetic and parasympathetic

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6
Q

the autonomic NS receives input from the brainstem. this input including _____________________.

A

brainstem

-arterial pressure
-heart rate
-respiratory rate

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7
Q

the ______ and _____ also play a large role in regulating the activity of the autonomic NS

A

hypothalamus
cerebral cortex

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8
Q

parasympathetic located in the ______ and sympathetic in the _______

A

anterior of hypothalamus
posterior of hypothalamus

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9
Q

skeletal muscle stimulation requires _____ impulses per second to fire a muscle.

in contrast, the ANS only requires ___ impulses every ______.

Full activation of either Sympathetic or parasympathetic require _____ per second

A

50-500

1 every few seconds

10-20

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10
Q

autonomic tone

A

not a lot of impulses needed to activate

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11
Q

the sympathetic nervous system has the capability to simultaneously ______

A

dilate some arterioles and constrict others

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12
Q

what are some important nerves in the ANS

A

the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X)

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13
Q

role of the vagus nerve

A

important parasympathetic ton activity : GI peristalsis

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14
Q

cutting almost any sympathetic nerve to a specific organ will often result in significant ______ in less than ______ to that organ. this is how we know ____ muscle has some ability to control itself

A

vasodilation
less than a minute

smooth muscle

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15
Q

what is secreted into the bloodstream at all times to provide a baseline tone?

A
  • epinephrine (0.2 mcg/kg/min)
  • norepinephrine (0.05 mcg/kg/min)
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16
Q

what makes and secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

adrenal medulla
- adrenal gland is on top of kidneys

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17
Q

the baseline tone allows ______ to remain at normal levels even without direct ________ nerve activity

A

blood pressure
sympathetic

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18
Q

sensitivity to norepinephrine and ________ is unregulated after a ______ event, or trauma, causing super sensitivity. the response of _____ is magnified

A

acetylcholine
denervation

vasoconstriction

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19
Q

Within _______ seconds, HR can be doubled by the ANS

Within _______ seconds, Arterial Pressure can be doubled, or it can be lowered enough to cause ______

Sweating can begin within seconds

A

3-5 seconds

10-15 seconds
syncope

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20
Q

Stretch sensors in the bladder causes signals to be sent to the __________, which causes the bladder to contract, and the __________ to relax

Voluntary control may need to be exerted to prevent this.

A

sacral spinal cord
urinary sphincters

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21
Q

________ can send signals up, down, or out to the organs. to is located ______. this involves _____ synapse

A

sympathetic trunk ganglia

slightly in front of spinal cord on the sides

chemical

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22
Q

sympathetic NS’s general peripheral organization contains ___________ sympathetic ganglia that are interconnected with spinal nerves on each Side of the cord (bilateral)

A

2 paravertebral chains of ganglia

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23
Q

each paravertebral ganglia consist of _ ________

A

3 prevertebral ganglia

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24
Q

the 3 prevertebral ganglia lie ____ to the vertebral column and close to __________

A

anterior

large abdominal arteries

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25
Q

what are the 3 prevertebral ganglia

A

celiac
superior mesenteric
inferior mesenteric

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26
Q

the ________ axons leave the ______ ganglia to travel to the visceral organ

A

prostganglionic axon
prevertebral

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27
Q

the sympathetic NS is a _____ neuron system, which include _____ and ______

A

two

  • preganglionic
    -postganglionic
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28
Q

the preganglionic nerve are ____ that pass through the _____ root of the cord to the corresponding spinal nerve.
Enter the sympathetic trunk by way of _________.

A

fibers
anterior

white ramus communicans

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29
Q

what is the white ramus communicans

A

axons entering the sympathetic trunk in one of these three routes

  1. synapse with postganglionic sympathetic neurons in the ganglion at the level it enters
  2. pass upward or downward in the chain and synapse with ganglia at those levels
  3. pass through the sympathetic chain and synapse in prevertebral ganglia, or postganglionic cell bodies in the adrenal medulla (leave the ganglia)
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30
Q

the postganglionic neuron in sympathetic NS are located where?

A

cell bodies are either located in sympathetic chain, prevertebral ganglia, or in the wall of the adrenal medulla

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31
Q

Path of postganglionic neurons?

A

some fibers pass back into the spinal nerves through the gray humus communicans to supply smooth muscle in blood vessels, sweat glands, and erector pills muscles of the hairs

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32
Q

blood vessels are_______

A

vasomotor

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33
Q

sweat glands are______

A

sudomotor

34
Q

erector pilli is _______

A

pilomotor

35
Q

gray ramus is ___% of the spinal nerve fibers

A

8%

36
Q

more than one ramus is a _____

A

rami

37
Q

these rami exit all spinal levels after doubling back at the ______ through the _______

A

postganglionic level
gray ramus

38
Q

rami are _____ fibers
they control __________, ________, and ________. these are ________ system only.

A

C fibers

  • vasoconstriction and dilation (vasomotor)
  • sweat gland production (sudomotor)
  • piloerector muscles (pilomotor)

sympathetic only

39
Q

parasympathetic comes through ____ and ____ of spinal cord

A

very top and very bottom

40
Q

preganglionic fibers in parasympathetic nervous system cell bodies are located in CN nuclei ________. also located in ______matter of ____.

A

III, VII, IX and X

lateral most gray matter of S2-S4

41
Q

Most (____%) of all parasympathetic preganglionic fibers are carried in the ____ nerves (____)

A

75%
vagus
CN X

42
Q

CN X

A

supplies heart, lungs, esophagus, stomach, entire small intestine, proximal half of colon, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys, and upper ureters

43
Q

typically parasympathetic preganglionic axons are _____ and sympathetic ones are ____

A

long
short

44
Q

CN III

A

supplies pupillary sphincter and colliery eye muscles

45
Q

CN VII

A

supplies the parotid gland

46
Q

sacral nerves

A

fibers are in pelvic splanchnic nerves which pass through spinal sacral plexus and supply…

-descending colon
-rectum
-urinary bladder
-lower ureters
-external genitalia

47
Q

parasympathetic postganglionics are located in _________.
can also be located within the _____.

therefore, postganglionic axons here are relatively ____ where sympathetics are ____.

A

terminal ganglia right outside the organ being supplies

wall of the organ itself

short
long

48
Q

what are the parasympathetic post ganglions

A

cilliary ganglion
pterygopalatine ganglion
submandibular ganglion
otic ganglion

49
Q

Function of sympathetic pre ganglion fibers?

A

secrete acetylcholine at synaptic end bulb (cholinergic; excitatory)

50
Q

Function of sympathetic postganglion fibers?

A

secrete norepinephrine to the organ receptor (adrenergic)

51
Q

Function of parasympathetic preganglion fibers?

A

secrete acetylcholine at synaptic end bulb
(cholinergic; excitatory)

52
Q

Function of parasympathetic postganglion fibers?

A

secrete acetylcholine to the organ receptor (cholinergic)

53
Q

in the sympathetic side ___________ is synthesized in the ______ from the ______. it is removed form synaptic cleft by reuptake, diffusion into body fluids and blood.

A

norepinephrine
adrenal medulla
amino acid tyrosine

54
Q

in the parasympathetic side _____+_____=______

its broken down in the synaptic cleft by ________________ and the _____ undergoes reuptake back into synaptic terminals

A

acetyl CoA + choline =
Acetylcholine

acetylcholinesterase
choline

55
Q

excitation vs inhibition of effector cell is dependent upon the ______

A

nature of the receptor

basically sympathetic or parasympathetic can be either excitatory or inhibitory

56
Q

two types of receptors activated by acetylcholine

A

muscarinic receptors
nicotinic receptors

57
Q

muscarinic receptors

named after?
found where?

A

named after muscarine, a poison from toadstools that activates only muscarinic receptors

  • found on effector cells that are stimulated by cholinergic axons of parasympathetic and few from the sympathetic NS
58
Q

nicotinic receptors

named after?
found where?

A

named after nicotine which only activates nicotine receptors

  • found in autonomic ganglia at synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of both parasymathetic and sympathetic systems
  • also found In non automatic nerve ending such as skeletal muscle
59
Q

two principal types of adrenergic receptors

A

Alpha (alpha1 and alpha2)

Beta (beta1, beta2, beta3)

60
Q

adrenergic receptor Alpha (alpha1 and alpha2) excited by?

A

excited by norepinephrine and epinephrine equally

61
Q

adrenergic receptor Beta (beta1, beta2, beta3) excited by?

A

most excited by epinephrine, excited to a lesser degree by norepinephrine

62
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic cause excitatory in some organs and inhibitory effects in other organs. therefore some of the time they act reciprocally to each other, however most of our organs in our body are controlled by ______

A

either sympathetic or parasympathetic

63
Q

sympathetic vs. parasympathetic stimulation on effector organ : blood vessels

A

sympathetic
- vasoconstriction most arterioles (except heart) which increases BP

parasympathetic
- vasodilation of arterioles (except in the heart) which decreases BP

64
Q

sympathetic vs. parasympathetic stimulation on effector organ : glands (nasal, lacrimal, salivary)

A

sympathetic
- decreased secretion

parasympathetic
- increased secretion

65
Q

sympathetic vs. parasympathetic stimulation on effector organ : eyes

A

sympathetic
- pupillary dilation

parasympathetic
- pupillary constriction

66
Q

sympathetic vs. parasympathetic stimulation on effector organ : heart

A

sympathetic
- increase heart rate
- vasodilation of coronary vessels

parasympathetic
- decreased heart rate
- vasoconstriction of coronary vessels

67
Q

sympathetic vs. parasympathetic stimulation on effector organ : sweat glands

A

sympathetic
-increased secretion

Parasympathetic
- no known effect

68
Q

sympathetic vs. parasympathetic stimulation on effector organ : GI Tract

A

sympathetic
-decreased digestion

Parasympathetic
- increased digestion

69
Q

sympathetic vs. parasympathetic stimulation on effector organ : kidneys

A

sympathetic
-decreased urine production

Parasympathetic
- increased urine production

70
Q

sympathetic vs. parasympathetic stimulation on effector organ : liver

A

sympathetic
-increased glycogenolysis to mobilize glucose for energy

Parasympathetic
- glycogen synthesis

71
Q

sympathetic vs. parasympathetic stimulation on effector organ : lungs

A

sympathetic
- dilation of bronchial muscle

Parasympathetic
- constriction of bronchial muscle
- constriction of airway

72
Q

sympathetic vs. parasympathetic stimulation on effector organ : adipose tissue

A

sympathetic
- increases lipolysis for energy

Parasympathetic
- …nothing ig

73
Q

in Sympathetic Nervous system, all portions of the sympathetic nervous system can discharge simultaneously as a complete unit called “________.” when does this occur?
This is commonly called ___________

A

mass discharge

when the hypothalamus is activated by fright, fear, severe, pain, emotional stress, or rage

fight or fight

74
Q

as a result of fight or flight…
1. _____ HR
2. _____ BP
3. _____ rates of cellular metabolism for ATP
4. _____ glucose concentration
5. _____ glycolysis in the liver
6. _____ muscle strength
7. _____ mental activity
8. _____ rate of blood coagulation

A

increased everything

75
Q

what drugs can act on adrenergic effector organs (sympathomimetic drugs)

A

injection of norepinephrine, which causes the same effect as sympathetic stimulation

  • norepinephrine
  • epinephrine
  • methoxamine
76
Q

different drugs differ in the specific _____ they activate as well as the _____ of their activation

A

receptors
duration

77
Q

important drugs that stimulate adrenergic receptors

A

phenylephrine (cold medicine)
- alpha receptors

albuterol (inhalers)
- beta2 receptors

78
Q

these drugs that cause release of norepinephrine……
cause release of norepinephrine from storage vesicles in _______.
examples?

A

sympathetic nerve endings

  • ephedrine (cold medicine)
  • amphetamine (abused lol)
79
Q

drugs that block adrenergic activity…
activity can be blocked at these several points…

A

1.Blockage of the synthesis and storage of Norepinephrine in nerve endings.

2.Blockage of the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic endings

3.Blockage of sympathetic alpha receptors

4.Blockage of sympathetic beta receptors

[e.g. propranolol (both beta1 and beta2) and metoprolol (beta1)]

80
Q

acetylcholine stimulates pre ganglions of ________ system.

these can contain _____ receptors, therefore it stimulates in the same way as _______, and are called _____

A

both sympathetic and parasympathetic

nicotinic
acetylcholine
nicotinic drugs

Human Physiology (24 decks)

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