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Human Physiology > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

LEFT SIDE of the picture

A

LEFT SIDE

esophagus

stomach

gallbladder

ileocecal valve

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2
Q

RIGHT SIDE of the picture

A

upper or lower esophageal sphincters

pylorus

sphincter of Oddi

Pancreas

Colon

Small Intestine

Internal and external anal sphincters

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3
Q

The stomach is divided into what four pieces?

A

cardia

Fundus

Corpus (Body)

Antrum

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4
Q

what do sphincters do?

A

control food movement

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5
Q

what sphincters in the stomach?

A

lower esophageal sphincter

pyloric sphincter

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6
Q

what is the lower esophageal sphincter responsible for

A

ensures that the meal does not reflux into the esophagus under normal conditions

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7
Q

what does the pyloric sphincter responsible for

A

controls emptying

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8
Q

Read right to left in a circle

A
  1. lower esophageal sphincter
  2. cardia
  3. fundus and body
  4. greater curvature
  5. antrum
  6. pylorus
  7. lesser curvature
  8. secretion resovoir
  9. Mixing and grinding
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9
Q

distal end of esophagus to proximal half of duodenum and liver

A

foregut

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10
Q

distal half of duodenum to splenic flexure and pancreas

A

midgit

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11
Q

extends from the splenic flexure to the rectum

A

hindgut

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12
Q

what are the foregut, midgut, and hindgut supplied by?

A

celiac trunk

abdominal aorta

inferior mesenteric artery

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13
Q

foregut structures

A

distal end of esophagus

stomach

proximal duodenum

pancreas

gallbladder

liver

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14
Q

what is the gut’s role in nutritional support

A

provides the body with water, electrolytes, vitamins, nutrients

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15
Q

guts role in self defense

A

immune defenses (more lymphocytes than in bloodstream)

high tolerance of dietary antigens

knows to keep benefits of common bacteria

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16
Q

primary function of gut

A

absorption

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17
Q

gut invloved in secretion by

A

salivary glands, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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18
Q

digestion

A

turns food into things we can use with the help of enzymes

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19
Q

movement in the gut happens through?

A

peristalsis

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20
Q

the bodys master control unit

A

central nervous system

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21
Q

bodys link to the outside world

A

peripheral NS

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22
Q

what part of peripheral NS help with fight or flight?

A

the autonomic NS

  • sympathetic NS
  • parasympathetic NS
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23
Q

connections for Parasympathetic Nervous systems come from?

A

cranial nerve 10

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24
Q

sympathetic NS signals that cut of digestion come from ?

A

MANY DIFFERENT PLACES very reduntant

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25
Q

the brain gut axis includes

A

CNS
Autonomic NS

Enteric NS

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26
Q

enteric NS has sensors, however they are not too helpful bc ____?

A

the arent specfic

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27
Q

systems in intrinsic control

A

enteric nervous system

  • myenteric (muscle) and submucosal plexuses
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28
Q

extrinsic control includes what systems

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

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29
Q

what can override the normal control of GUT function

A

sympathetic NS

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30
Q

effects of the sympathetic nervous system

A

slows motility

inhibits secretion

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31
Q

what is the enteric/instrinsic nervous system

A

“little brain” autonomous in function and located in the wall of the gut

  • plexuses (neurotransmitters)
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32
Q

red =

blue=

A

arterial (O2)

venus (no O2)

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33
Q

what are the layers of the plexuses?

A
  • Myenteric - increase motility
    • Ach, serotonin, NO, substance P
  • Submucosal - increase absorption
    • VIP, enkephalins, substance P

*these layers have different neurotransmitters

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34
Q

where do short reflexes occur?

A

within the intestinal wall itself

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35
Q

where do long reflex pathways occur?

A

from GI tract

to prevertebral sympathetic ganglia

spinal cord

brainstem

and back

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36
Q

control of gut reflexes

A

secretions

peristalsis

mixing

37
Q

inhibitory features of gut reflexes include

A

sympathetic stimulation

gastric emptying is inhibited by duodenal distension or intense pain

38
Q

stimulatory features of the gut reflexes

A

parasympathetic stimulation

increased secretions

increasing volume of gastric contents

39
Q

what reflex allows the ileocecal valve to relax in response to gastric distention and allow the ileum ti empty any remaining contents into the colon to prepare for an incoming meal

A

gastro-ileal

40
Q

what reflex recognizes the absorptive capacity of the proximal small intestine has been extended and stomach delays release of contents

A

ileal brake

41
Q

what reflex occurs when there is over distension of one segment that results in relaxation of smooth muscle in the rest of the intenstine

A

intestinal-intestinal relex

42
Q

what reflex signals from the colon and small bowel inhibiting stomach motility and secretion of gastric acid

A

entero-gastric

43
Q

what reflex involves distention and filling of the colon which inhibits emptying of ileal contents

A

colono-ileal

44
Q

what reflex is initiated by gastric distension and produces a generalized increase in colonic motility with mass movement clearing the colon

A

gastro-colic

45
Q

sphincters or valves are functional segments of gut made of _______ muscle, regulate movement in response to a meal, and are under involuntary control by the _______ nervous system

A

smooth

enteric nervous system

46
Q

inhibitory mediators specific to GUT motility

A

vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)

nitric oxide

47
Q

stimulating mediators specific to GUT motility

A

motilin

serotonin

48
Q

what is the result of VIP?

A

inhibitory action

  • promotes relaxation of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle
49
Q

what is the result of nitric oxide?

A

inhibitory action

  • relaxation
    • promotes an ileus with excessive concentrations
50
Q

result of motilin

A

stimulating action

  • stimulates gastrointestinal motility
    • “migrating motor complex”
51
Q

what result does serotonin have on gut motility?

A

stimulating action

  • activates intrinsic and extrinsic afferent neurons to initiate peristaltic and secretory reflexes
52
Q

integration of peristalsis and sphincter relaxation is brought about by the combined activity of the _____ and _______.

A

vagus nerve

enteric nervous system

53
Q

gut distention occurs from what movement

A

propulsion or peristalsis

54
Q

peristaltic and constrictive movements are called ______. and these happen every _____.

A

mixing (segmentation)

5 to 30 seconds

55
Q

slow waves are paced by ______.

A

intersitial cells of Cajal

56
Q

interstitial cells of cajal are specialized cells found throughout the _________, that are essential for ________.

A

GI tract

gut motility “pacemaker cells”

set basal rhythm

57
Q

phases of waves in GI tract motility or MMC (Migrating motor complex)

A

phase one (no contractions) - 80 min

phase two (irregular contractions) - 6 min

phase three (regular contractions) - 3 min

58
Q

what does spikes in motility patterns mean?

A

triggered by distensions, medications or disease states (laxatives or inflammations)

associated with rising in the morning, eating, prior and with defecation

59
Q

Migrating motor complex (MMC)

A

occurs during unfed or fasted state.

“housekeeping function” - sweeps any undigested material along the length of the entire GI tract

60
Q

enzymes are released more at what part of the system.

A

beginning in esrly GI tract

61
Q

three main gut hormones

A

gastrin, CCK, secretin

62
Q

gastrin is produced in the _______, stimulized by _________, and stimulates _____ in stomach and _____ in intestine

A

gastric antrum

Amino acids in stomach

aced secretion and growth

stimulates small intestinal growth, and intestional motility

63
Q

cholecystokinin (CCK) and secretin produced in the _______, and effects the stomach hhow?

A

small intestine

inhibits acid secretion

64
Q

the bacterial flora of a given subject is essentially equivalent to a ________

A

fingerprint

65
Q

where do the numbeers of bacteria and anaerobes start to rise

A

beginning in the distal small intestine (end)

66
Q

saliva contains antimicrobial peptides known as ______ and ______ that control microbiota

A

defensins and lysozymes

67
Q

stomach contains _______ that limits the colony counts and controls microbiota

A

gastric acid

68
Q

small intestine has ______ and ______ that control microbiota

A

motility (peristalsis)

mucosal secretion of fluid and IgA secretion

69
Q

Microbiota in the COLON

A

the colon permits large numbers of bacteria

ileocecal valve keeps organisms in the large intestine

70
Q

what allows the system to aborb what it needs to

A

arterial supply

71
Q

what allows the system to aborb what it needs to absorb

A

hi

72
Q

stages of food ingestion

A

oral stage

pharangyl stage

esophageal phase

73
Q

what does the oral stage of eating invlove

A

lubrication

chewing

reducing microbes

deglutition (swallowing) - bolus goes from oral cavity to stomach, while protecting the airway and preventing air into the stomach

74
Q

what happens in the pharangeal stage of eating?

A

gag reflex to food bolus, allows selective passage

initiates tracheal closure, esophageal opening, and passage of food bolus to the upper esophagus

75
Q

what happens in the esophageal stage of eating?

A

under normal circumstances, food remains in esophagus for only a few seconds.

relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter permits entry of the food bolus into the stomach

76
Q

What does saliva do?

A

digests enzymes and begins breakdown of saltines

neutralizes acid from the esophagus

reduces bacterial counts (removed iron so they cant grow)

protects enamel

77
Q

how to look at and track food nolus thru esophagus

A

barium swallow

78
Q

what prevents food from going into the trachea

A

epiglottis

79
Q

primary peristalsis originate in the ______.

secondary peristalsis originate in the ________.

A

phahrynx

esophagus

80
Q

how much can a stomach hold and what does it do

A

1.5 L

breaks down food mechanically

81
Q

_____ empty from stomach faster than ______.

_______ empty faster in a meal

A

liquids

solid meals

starch carbs

82
Q

average emptying time from ingestion?

average emptying from stomach

A

24 hrs

4 hours

83
Q

what is receptive relaxation important for and what causes it?

A

essential for stomach to store (reservoir)

acetylcholine relaxes the gastric smooth muscle layers which drops gastric pressure

insires pressure in stomach does not increase until food is gone

84
Q

gastric emptying is delayed until the _________ is able to process its contents

A

duodenum

85
Q

what stimulates secretin release

A

acids

86
Q

what reduces gastric motility and increases pyloric sphincter tone

A

secretin

87
Q

what stimulates release of scholecystokinin (CCK), gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), ad petide YY ?

A

proteins

88
Q

what roles do gastric secretions have?

A

Gastric acid (pH of 2.0)

  • dissolves food
  • necessary for iron and B12 absorption
  • activates pepsinogen
  • stimulates secretin
89
Q

gastric glands made of different cell types that open into _______ allow gastric secretion to occur

A

gastric pits

Human Physiology (24 decks)

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